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Biology Flash Cards > Blood and Circulation > Flashcards

Blood and Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

How do single celled (Unicellular) organisms get supplies of nutrients and oxygen that they need

A

They can use diffusion to transport the materials from the outside to the inside of the cell through the cell membrane.

This is possible because they are small and does not take long to pass the substances into the cell through the cell membrane because they have a higher surface area to volume ratio

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2
Q

What are some of the common features of exchange surfaces in unicellular organisms

A
  1. They have thin cell walls to allow for a short diffusion distance, which increases the rate of diffusion.
  2. Moist surface to allow substances to easily dissolve and diffuse through the membrane
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3
Q

What types of substance can the blood of mammals transport

A
  1. They can transport oxygen throughout the body away from the lungs.
  2. They can transport carbon Dioxide from the body tissues into the lungs for gas exchange.
  3. They can transport the nutrients that are absorbed from the food in the gut to the other organs, tissues and cells that require them
  4. They can transport urea away from the liver and into the kidney.
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4
Q

What are the 2 types of Circulatory Systems

A
  1. Single Circulatory

2. Double Circulatory

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5
Q

What is the difference between the 2 types of circulatory systems

A
  • Single circulatory systems transfer the blood from the heart towards the gas exchange organ and then to the rest of the body.

Double circulatory systems transfer the blood to the heart, then to the gas exchange organ and then back to heart and then to the rest of the body.

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6
Q

What are the 2 different parts of the double Circulatory System

A
  1. The pulmonary Circulation

2. The Systemic Circulation

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7
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation

A

This is when deoxygenated blood is flown from the pulmonary artery to the lungs to be oxygenated.

Then the blood travels back to the heart and enters through the pulmonary vein.

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8
Q

What is systemic circulation

A

This is when the oxygenated blood travels from the heart to the rest of the body and unloads the oxygen.

The deoxygenated blood then returns back to the heart through the vena cava.

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9
Q

Advantages of double circulatory system over the single circulatory system

A

Double circulatory systems have the blood pumped with a higher pressure, meaning that the blood will reach their destination quicker and it can also reach organs further away from the heart.

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10
Q

What is the composition of the blood

A

The blood contains:

  1. Red Blood Cells
  2. White Blood Cells
  3. Platelets
  4. Plasma
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11
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the heart

A
  • Mammal hearts contain four chambers.
  • The heart contains valves to control the movement of blood through the four chambers.
  • Deoxygenated is pumped to the lungs from the right side of the heart and oxygenated blood gets pumped to the entire body through the left side of the heart.
  • The left ventricle has a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle because it has to pump the blood at a higher pressure towards the rest of the body, whereas the right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs at a lower pressure.
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12
Q

What is the function of valves in the heart

A

They prevent the blood in the heart from flowing backward.

Ex: the tricuspid valve prevents the blood in the right ventricle from flowing back to the right atrium.

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13
Q

What is the function of the Septum

A

This is a muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart to prevent the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing together.

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14
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

This is when the coronary arteries of the heart get blocked and blood cannot flow through them to provide the heart muscle with the oxygen it needs to pump blood.

This means that the heart muscle is unable to contract, meaning that is cannot pump the blood around the body.

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15
Q

What are the factors that can cause CHD ( Coronary Heart Disease)

A
  1. Heredity - Some people may inherit the tendency to develop a heart disease.
  2. High Blood Pressure - This puts more stress on the heart
  3. Diet - A bad diet with too much saturated fat can cause blood clogs to occur by increasing cholesterol levels.
  4. Lack of Exercise - Regular exercise can help strengthen the heart muscle.
  5. Smoking - Smoking can cause the coronary blood vessels to be clogged up.
  6. Stress - This increase blood pressure.
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16
Q

What are the steps in the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Cardiac Diastole - This is when the entire heart is at rest and the blood moves into the heart
  2. Atrial Systole, Ventricular Diastole - The atria contract, pushing the blood into the ventricles.
  3. Atrial Diastole, Ventricular Systole - The ventricles contract and the blood is pushed away from the heart.
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17
Q

What is the stroke volume

A

This is the volume of blood that is pumped per heart beat

18
Q

What are the changes that are made to the heart when performing excersise

A
  1. The heart rate increases to because the heart contract itself more often.
  2. The stroke volume of the heart also increases, which supplies a greater amount of blood to the body.
19
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline

A
  1. It increases the heart rate and stroke volume

2. It diverts the blood from non-essential areas of the body to more essential areas.

20
Q

How does the heart rate change according to carbon dioxide levels in the blood

A
  • When we exercise, out muscles produce carbon dioxide.
  • This increase in carbon dioxide is detected by receptors in the aorta and carotid artery (the artery leading to the brain and head). These receptors then send a signal as nerve impulses through the sensory nerve towards the brain.
  • The brain then responds by sending nerve impulses through an accelerator nerve to the pace maker of the heart. This increases the heart rate.
  • Once the carbon dioxide levels return to normal, the brain receives fewer impulses from the receptors in the heart.
  • The brain then sends nerve impulses through the decelerator nerve to reduce the heart rate.
21
Q

What are the characteristics of arteries

A
  1. They have a thick muscular wall to help it withstand the high blood pressure.
  2. They have Elastic tissue to help it stretch and recoil back to maintain the high pressure.
  3. They have a small lumen due to the thick muscular tissue.
  4. Mostly carry oxygenated blood but the pulmonary artery and the umbilical artery carry deoxygenated blood.
22
Q

What are the characteristics of veins

A
  1. They have a thin muscular wall because the blood flows in a very low pressure.
  2. They have a larger lumen due to the thin muscular wall.
  3. They have valves to prevent the back flow of blood.
  4. Mostly carry deoxygenated blood, but the pulmonary vein and the umbilical vein carry oxygenated blood
23
Q

What are the characteristics of capillaries

A
  1. Cell walls are one cell thick to provide a short diffusion distance, which increases the rate of diffusion.
  2. Capillaries are small enough to fit in between organs and tissues.
  3. Carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
24
Q

Describe a Red Blood Cell

A
  • Biconcave in shape
  • No Nucleus
  • Contains Heamoglobin
25
Q

Describe a White Blood Cell

A
  • Large nucleus

- Bigger than RBC

26
Q

Describe platlets

A

Fragments of cells

27
Q

Describe Plasma

A

The watery component of blood that contains mainly water.

28
Q

What is the function of Plasma

A

Transport blood cells all around the body and also carry: hormones, nutrient, carbon dioxide and Urea and distribute heat around the body.

29
Q

What is the function of RBC

A

Carry oxygen all around the body using hemoglobin protein to unload oxygen at specific organs and tissues.

30
Q

What is the function of Lymphocytes

A

These WBC can release proteins called anti-bodies that can destroy pathogens when they attach themselves to the antigens of pathogens.

31
Q

What is the function of phagocytes

A

These WBC can engulf and digest other pathogens using enzymes by a process called phagocytosis.

32
Q

What is the function of platelets

A

These secrete a chemical that is used in the process of blood clotting

33
Q

What is another name for RBC

A

Erythrocytes

34
Q

Adaptations of red blood cells that make the process of carrying oxygen more efficient

A
  1. They have hemoglobin that allows the transport of oxygen around the body.
  2. They have no nucleus, allowing more space for oxygen to be stored.
  3. They have a biconcave shape, allowing for more efficient diffusion.
  4. They have a high surface area to volume ratio increasing the rate of diffusion.
  5. They also have a thin wall, allowing for a short diffusion distance
35
Q

What are the 2 ways in which WBC can protect the body

A
  1. Phagocytosis

2. Anti-bodies

36
Q

How does phagocytosis work

A
  1. First the Phagocyte develops an extension called pseudopodia.
  2. This extension then goes around the pathogen and creates a vacuole around it.
  3. This vacuole is then brought into the WBC and enzyme destroy the pathogen in the vacuole.
37
Q

How do lymphocytes destroy pathogens

A
  1. They produce a chemical protein called, “anti-bodies”.
  2. They then release this chemical onto markers on the pathogen called, “anti-gens”.
  3. Then the anti-bodies destroy the pathogen by:
    - Causing the pathogens to stick together, making it easier for phagocytes to engulf and destroy them.
  • Causing the pathogens to burst open.
  • Attaching onto the anti-gens and then acting as an identifier for the phagocytes.
  • Neutralizing the toxins created by pathogens.
38
Q

What are memory cells

A

After a pathogen has infected the body once and the pathogen has been destroyed, memory cells will be created. These memory cells store the pathogen’s antigens. Then if the same pathogen infects the body once again, the memory cells will be ready to make anti-bodies to fight against the disease very quickly, making the body immune to that disease. This is called the secondary immune response.

39
Q

How do vaccines work

A

With a vaccine, a person is given an agent that contains the same antigen as the real pathogen. The lymphocytes recognize this as a foreign pathogen and multiply themselves and produce memory cells.

So if the person comes into contact with the actual pathogen in the future, the immune system will provide a secondary immune response.

40
Q

What are some of the ways in which vaccines are given

A
  1. Dead micro-organisms.
  2. Weakened strain of the actual micro-organism
  3. Just the antigens themselves.
  4. Harmless bacteria genetically engineered to carry the antigens.
41
Q

How do platelets form clots

A

After a wound has been created. The platelets come to the area and the air stimulates the platelets to form a chemical. This chemical causes the soluble plasma protein, fibrinogen to be converted into fibrin. This fibrin forms a network around the wound and traps red blood cells to prevent the further loss of blood and blocks the entry for pathogens.

Later on, the clot develops into a scab and falls off.

Biology Flash Cards (14 decks)

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