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HUBS1404 > Reproduction and Anthropogeny > Flashcards

Reproduction and Anthropogeny Flashcards

1
Q

What is anthropogeny?

A

Study of the origins and development of humans

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2
Q

Where did Charles Darwin gather his data?

A

Voyage of HMS Beagle (1831-1836) by observing wildlife and native characters from South America and surrounding islands.

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3
Q

What does the following suggest?
“Species are variable and can adapt to changes in environment, which leads to increased survival and reproduction within favoured groups, causing the least favourable variants to perish”

A

Natural selection

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4
Q

How is the peppered moth a good example of natural selection?

A
  • Shows an adaptation to Peppered moths for survival.
  • Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most peppered moths were white (which provided good camouflage against light tree bark and lichens)
  • Industrial fallout killed lichen and soot covered light tree bark, which made white moths cleary visible to prey and the numbers dropped.
  • Which caused the black peppered moth numbers to grow, passing on the phenotype to more generations.
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4
Q

Where did modern humans originate?

A

Africa around 200k years ago.

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5
Q

Explain skin colour as a form of natural selection

A
  • As humans lost body hair and increase sweat glands to better regulate temp, the skin was exposed to damaging UV radiation.
  • In those areas that receive more UV radiation, darker skin pigment reduces the harshness of the rays.
  • But in places where there is less UV, lighter pigment is needed to ensure Vit D is received.
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6
Q

Explain lactose intolerance as a form of natural selection

A
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7
Q

What does natural selection result in?

A

Adaptations.

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8
Q

What are adaptations?

A

Characteristics of species that change over time to better suit the environment.

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9
Q

What is variability?

A

Range of genetic differences within a species.

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10
Q

What is variability caused by?

A

Gene mutations, gene flow and genetic drift.

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11
Q

How can gene mutations cause variability?

A
  • By having errors in DNA it alters the genome and may create new alleles which then change the phenotype.
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12
Q

What is gene flow?

A
  • Transfer of gene variants from one population to another.
  • Occurs because of migration into or out of a population.
  • Results in admixture of hybridisation.
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13
Q

What is genetic drift?

A
  • Random changes in gene variant frequency.
  • Potential loss of alleles in a new small population.
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14
Q

What is the founder effect?

A
  • The reduction of genetic variability when a small population is isolated.
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15
Q

What are some examples of the founder effect?

A
  • Small population of Quebec established by French pioneers
    2500 settlers who remained socially isolated
    Approx 14 generations
    Extensive disequilibrium Reduction in genetic variation
    Increase in heritable diseases
    Myotonic dystrophy
    1 in 500 in Quebec
    1 in 10,000 in Europe
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16
Q

What is homologies?

A

Similarities between organisms.

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17
Q

What is the number of genes and genome size in most mammals?

A

21000 genes and 3.2 billion base pairs in the genome.

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18
Q

By what % do human and chimpanzee DNA differ?

A

1.2%

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19
Q

Are human and mouse genes similar?

A

Yes, around 85% similar

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20
Q

What are the 4 major events in human evolution?

A

Terrestrialism, Bipedalism, Encephalisation and Civilisation.

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21
Q

What is Terrestrialism?

A

Living on the ground rather than in trees

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22
Q

What is Bipedalism?

A

Walking on two limbs

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23
Q

What is Encephalisation?

A

Brain development to enable higher-order functioning.

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24
Q

What is Civilisation?

A

Development of a complex societal and cultural system.

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25
Q

What is the history of humans?

A

Australopithecines (4-1.6 mya), Homo Habilis, Homo erectus & homo ergaster, Archiac homo sapiens, Homo (sapiens) neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens.

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26
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
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26
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
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26
Q

What are the areas of the Male reproductive system?

A
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26
Q

What are the sections of the reproductive system?

A
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27
Q

What are the Accessory glands?

A
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28
Q

What do the Leydig cells produce?

A
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29
Q

How many chromosomes are in a haploid cell?

30
Q

How many chromosomes are in a Diploid cell?

31
Q

What are the steps of spermatogenesis?

31
Q

What is the structure of sperm?

32
Q

What are the sections of the female reproductive system?

33
Q

What is Oogenesis?

34
Q

What are the linings of the uterus?

35
Q

What are the sections of the Endometrium?

36
Q

What is the thickness of the endometrium during menstruation?

37
Q

What is the thickness of the endometrium 1 week after menstruation?

38
Q

What is the thickness of the endometrium 3 weeks after menstruation?

39
Q

What is the difference between Meiosis and Mitosis?

40
Q

What is Meiosis?

41
Q

What are the functions of Meiosis?

42
Q

What are the major sex hormones?

43
Q

How are the sex hormones controlled?

44
Q

What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone in females and males?

45
Q

What is the function of luteinising hormone in females and males?

46
Q

How is the male reproductive system regulated?

47
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

48
Q

What is the uterine cycle?

49
Q

How is the ovarian cycle regulated?

50
Q

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

51
Q

Describe the menstrual phase

52
Q

Describe the preovulatory (proliferative) phase

53
Q

Describe ovulation

54
Q

What are the phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle?

55
Q

What is the menstrual phase? UC

56
Q

What is the proliferative phase? UC

57
Q

What is the secretory phase? UC

58
Q

What are primary oocytes?

59
Q

What is capacitation?

60
Q

What must sperm do before fertilisation?

A

Penetrate corona radiata and zona pellucida

61
Q

What occurs after the sperm and oocyte fuse?

62
Q

What are the stages of pre-implantation development?

63
Q

What are the stages of implantation?

64
Q

What occurs in the second week of human development?

65
Q

What are the two layers of the embyroblast?

66
Q

What occurs in the third week of human development?

67
Q

What is the ectoderm?

68
Q

What is the mesoderm?

69
Q

What is the endoderm?

70
Q

What are the three trimesters of human development?

71
Q

What is organogenesis?

72
Q

What hormones are secreted during pregnancy?

73
Q

Hormones

74
Q

How is labour initiated?

HUBS1404 (10 decks)

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