Cardiovascular P2

Question 1

What are the three layers of the blood vessels?

Answer 1

Tunica Intima, Tunica media, Tunica Externa.

Question 2

What is the innermost layer of the blood vessel?

Answer 2

Tunica intima, contains endothelial cells.
Very smooth to minimise friction.
- Arteries have a layer of elastic fibres which helps with distension and recoil.

Question 3

What is the middle layer of the blood vessel?

Answer 3

Tunica media, made of elastic and smooth muscle fibres, much thicker in arteries and allows for vasoconstriction/dilation.

Question 4

What is the outermost layer of the blood vessel?

Answer 4

Tunica externa, constructed from connective tissue, fuse with adjacent tissue to anchor vessel.

Question 5

What are elastic arteries?

Question 6

What are the main characteristics of the elastic arteries?

Answer 6

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Question 7

What are muscular arteries?

Answer 7

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Question 8

What are the main characteristics of muscular arteries?

Answer 8

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Question 9

What are arterioles?

Answer 9

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Question 10

What are the main functions of arterioles?

Answer 10

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Question 11

What are capillaries?

Answer 11

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Question 12

What are the main functions of capillaries?

Answer 12

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Question 13

What are the different types of capillaries?

Answer 13

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Question 14

How is blood flow measured?

Answer 14

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Question 15

What is blood flow dependent on?

Answer 15

Pressure difference-
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Vascular resistance
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Question 16

What is vascular tone?

Question 17

What affects vascular tone?

Answer 17

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Question 18

What are the major vasodilators?

Answer 18

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Question 19

What are the major vasoconstrictors?

Answer 19

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Question 20

What causes high blood viscosity?

Answer 20

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Question 21

What is the affect of high blood viscosity?

Question 22

What does diffusion do?

Question 23

What are the diffusion pathways?

Question 24

What is transcytosis?

Question 25

What is Hydrostatic pressure?

Question 26

What is osmotic pressure?

Question 27

What is Reperfusion/ reoxygenation injury?

Question 28

What regulates blood pressure?

Question 29

Why is blood pressure important?

Question 30

What is the limbic system?

Question 31

What are proprioceptors?

Question 32

What are baroreceptors?

Question 33

What are chemoreceptors?

Question 34

How do hormones regulate blood pressure?

Question 35

What is cardiac output?

Question 36

What is end-diastolic volume?

Question 37

What is end-systolic volume?

Question 38

What is stroke volume?

Question 39

What is ejection fraction?

Question 40

What is preload?

Question 41

What is contractility?

Question 42

What is afterload?

Question 43

What is hypertension?

Question 44

What is blood pressure?

Answer 44

• Produced by ventricular contraction
• Highest in the aorta during ventricular systole and reduces blood flow through the vascular system.
• Normal Bp from brachial artery:
• Systolic = 120 mmHg
• Diastolic = 80 mmHg.