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GCSE Biology 🍃 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

The fusion of the nuclei of 2 gametes to form a zygote and genetically different offspring

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2
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

The production of genetically identical offspring that only requires 1 parent

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3
Q

Give examples of asexual reproduction?

A

Potato tubers, strawberry runners

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4
Q

Give advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

+: Variation in offspring

-: Slow process, 2 people are required, more potential for STD’s to spread

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5
Q

Give advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

+: Fast process, 1 parent needed, no energy lost

-: Genetically identical offspring means a disease can wipe them all out

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6
Q

What is the male part of a flower called and what does it consist of?

A

Called a stamen- made of anther and filament

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7
Q

What is the female part of the flower called and what is it made of?

A

Called a carpel- made of stigma, style and ovum

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8
Q

Where is the male gamete made and where can it be found?

A

Made in anther, found in the pollen grain

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9
Q

Where is the female gamete found and what is it called?

A

Found in the ovary, called an ovum

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of pollination?

A

Insect pollinated and Wind pollinated

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11
Q

What does an insect pollinated plant look like?

A

Colourful, pollen is loosely attached to anther

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12
Q

What does a wind pollinated plant look like?

A

Feathery stigma, stamen stick up

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13
Q

What is pollination?

A

The process of bringing pollen to the female gamete

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14
Q

Name some flowers that are insect pollinated?

A

Rose, tulip, daffodil

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15
Q

Name some plants that are wind pollinated?

A

Corn, barley

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16
Q

What is the difference between self and cross pollination?

A

Self pollination occurs when the pollen is deposited on the same plant/flower
Cross pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of 1 flower to the stigma of another plant/flower of a different breed

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17
Q

How does a plant get fertilised?

A

When a pollen grain lands on a stigma, enzymes will ‘eat’ through the stigma to create a path for the male gamete in pollen to go through. This path is called the pollen tube. The male and female gametes will fuse to form a zygote in the ovule

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18
Q

How is a seed formed?

A

A zygote in the ovule will divide into an embryo, where the ovule will form seed with the embryo inside.

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19
Q

What is germination?

A

When a plant embryo begins to grow

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20
Q

What conditions are required for germination?

Think WOW

A
  • Warmth
  • Oxygen
  • Water
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21
Q

Give another name for the Fallopian tube

A

Oviduct

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22
Q

What is the sperm duct?

A

A tube from testes to penis

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23
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

A thin layer of skin to protect the testes and hold them outside the body

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24
Q

What is the prostate gland?

A

Adds nutrients and fluid to make semen from sperm

25
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Passes semen through penis and carries urine from the bladder

26
Q

What is the Fallopian tube/oviduct?

A

A tube for eggs to travel from ovary to uterus

27
Q

What is the cervix?

A

A ring of muscle separating vagina from uterus

28
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A sex cell

29
Q

How is the sperm adapted to meet the egg?

A
  • Tail to swim
  • Mitochondria contain energy for sperm to swim
  • Head contains DNA
  • Acrosomes contain enzymes to eat away egg membrane and then fertilise the egg
30
Q

How are identical twins formed?

A

When the zygote splits when fertilised

31
Q

How are non identical twins formed?

A

When 2 eggs are fertilised by 2 sperm

32
Q

What is X and Y?

A

X is girl, Y is Boy

33
Q

What is the vagina coated in to kill off foreign cells?

A

Acid

34
Q

How many eggs are women born with?

A

Around 1 million

35
Q

What 3 things in the female reproductive system kill sperm?

A

White blood cells, acid and lucosites

36
Q

Why are the testes outside of the body?

A

Optimum temp. for sperm is just below our body temp.

37
Q

How many chromosomes do our gametes have? What is the term for this?

A

23 chromosomes- haploid

38
Q

How does the egg move?

A

Eggs get wafted by cilia down the oviduct

39
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

When the nuclei of sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote in the oviduct

40
Q

What is implantation?

A

When the zygote splits into many cells (embryo) and then embeds itself into the thick lining of the uterus. From here, the umbilical cord and placenta will grow

41
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of breast feeding?

A

+: Protects baby from infections, free, emotional contact, all nutrients provided
-: Cannot measure how much was drunk, only mother can feed, painful, unethical in public

42
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of bottle feeding?

A

+: Less evasive, can be done by either parents anywhere

-: Costs more than breast, less nutrients than breast, sterilisation

43
Q

What is the role of the placenta?

A

To provide food and nutrients and remove waste products from blood

44
Q

What is the role of the umbilical cord?

A

Carries oxygen and nutrients to baby in 1 vein and removes de-oxygenated blood and waste products back to mother

45
Q

What is the role of the amniotic sac and fluid?

A

Sac- bag of fluid where baby grows and develops

Fluid- cushions baby from bumps and injury

46
Q

How can viruses effect pregnancy?

A

HIV can be passed on to child, rubella can lead to miscarriages and birth defects

47
Q

What are the pros and cons of In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)

A

+: Can choose gender, can check for disabilities, don’t need a partner
-:Expensive, long waiting list, morally wrong and unethical

48
Q

What is artificial insemination?

A

When semen is collected from man and placed in uterus of woman

49
Q

How can STI’s be transmitted?

A

Sexual contact, not necessarily intercourse

50
Q

Name a chemical, natural, barrier and surgical type of contraceptive

A

Chemical: Contraceptive pill
Natural: Abstinence
Barrier: Condom, femidom
Surgical: Vasectomy

51
Q

How month does the menstrual cycle last?

A

28 days/ 1 month

52
Q

On what day is the egg released on the menstrual cycle?

A

14th

53
Q

How long does a period usually last for?

A

5 days

54
Q

Why is the lining thicker at the start of the month?

A

Increase is progesterone

55
Q

What are the 4 hormones in the female body?

A

FSH, LH, Oestrogen and Progesterone

56
Q

What order are hormones released in the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH, Oestrogen, LH, Progesterone

57
Q

What gland in the brain produces hormones that stimulates ovaries and testes?

A

The pituitary gland

58
Q

What happens to a man during puberty?

A

Deep voice, shoulders broaden, testes drop, heavier sweating, spots, body hair

59
Q

What happens to a female during puberty?

A

Breasts develop, hips widen, periods start, body hair

GCSE Biology 🍃 (7 decks)

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