Reproduction Flashcards
steps for fertilsation
• Preparing for fertilization o Capacitation o The acrosome reaction • Penetration of the zona pellucida • Fusion of the oocyte and sperm membranes • Egg activation o Corticol granule exocytosis o Resumption of the cell cycle • - Polar body is expelled
Brith:
when actions of progesterone dominate
uterus is quiet
prostaglandins inhibited
birth:
when actions of oestrogen dominate
uterus activated
prostaglandins synthesized
birth:
progesterone
need progesterone for pregnancy
wen progesterone low= termination of pregnancy occurs
birth:
glucocorticoids/cortisol
before birth, there is a cortisol surge (that can’t be overridden by negative feedback, and doesn’t need ACTH as well for cortisol to increase)
birth:
brown fat
has mito and does thermogeneniss (also has adrenergic nerve control to control thermogenesis )
birth:
before brith, what increases in foetus?
lecithin (byproduct of surfactant)
corticosteroids
liver glycogen (cos increase in cortisol causes increase of glycogenesis or sumthing)
progesterone
oestrogen
prolactin
cortisol surge
uterotrophic factors
prepare uterus for contraction
uterotonic factors
casue contractions in uterus:
prostaglandins in uterus
oxytocin from pituitary
uterotrophic and uterotonic factors inhibited by and potentiated by
inhibited by progesterone
potentiated by oestrogen
PGE2
act on cervix, can be used clinically to induce labour (given as a vaginal gel to soften cervix.
Ferguson reflex:
wen baby moves down further, stretches the wall, send signals to brain, release more oxytocin , =more contraction. positive feedback loop
oxytocin involved in ferguson reflex
what initiates birth in humans
the signals originate from inside the uterus- could be the baby or the uterine wall etc we dont really know
- Withdrawal of Progesterone action is necessary
- Prostaglandins is necessary
stages of labour
contractions & to full dilation of cervix
full dilation and baby delivered
placenta gotten rid of
wat prevents lactation
oestrogen!
endocrine control of lactation
during pregnancy: progesterone n oestrogen promote growth of ducts in breast. Prolactin contributes but its action is inhibited by sex steroids
at brith: progesterone and oestrogen conc fall massively
prolactin plataus at a medium level
lactation takes a few days to work
normal menstrual cycle is
28 days
normal range 21-35 days
phases of menstrual cycle
Follicular phase: variable length
Menstrual
Proliferative
Luteual phase: fixed length of 14 days
Secretorymenopause def
the last menstrual period in a woman who has
not had a hysterectomy
o Perimenopause def
time from the onset of cycle irregularity through until 12 months after the last menstrual period
o Premature ovarian insufficiency def
cessation of ovarian function occurring before age 40
menopause facts
The last menstrual bleed in a
woman with an intact uterus
Permanent loss of ovarian follicular
development
Loss of cyclical production of
estradiol, progesterone and
testosterone.
o Average age = 51.5 years
inhibin
• Produced by healthy Graafia follicles
ANTI-MULLTERIAN HORMONE (AMH)
• A product of growing follicles
indicator of ovarian reserve
the higher the AMH level, the greater the follicle population
low levels predict menopause coming
menopause symptoms
- Vasomotor symptoms: hot flushes, night sweats
- Crawling sensations on skin
- Anxiety (particularly over things which previously don’t cause anxiety)
- Irritability
- Sleep disturbances
- Lessened memory
- Lessened concentration
- Vaginal dryness
- Low libido
- Fatigue
- Muscle/joint pains
- Overall diminished wellbeing
- Depression
menopause symptoms facts
- Can start several years before menopause
- Symptoms may last for MANY years in some women
- THERE IS NO CUT-OFF AGE AT WHICH SYMPTOMS BEGIN OR END
earliest signs to menopause
- Irregular and/or lighter menses
- Symptoms of oestrogen insufficiency or oestrogen excess
- Key element: variable length cycles
spermiogenesis
wen immobile spermatids become sperm
o theres Nuclear compaction – into head of sperm
vas deferens
arise from epididymus with thicker smooth muscle wall
contractile
Cryptorchidism
newborn babies with one or both testes remaining undescended
testicular cancer
there is disrupted development of germline cells.
this disruption happens in FOETUS
germ line cells stuff up, and can’t get signals from sertoli cells.
Germ cells stays undifferentiated as carcinoma in situ in testis. carcinonoma progress to malignancy at puberty
Low Androgen=
lower body mass and higher fat mass and glucose intolerance and prediabetes
erectile dysfunction
consistant or recurrent inability to sustain or maintain penile erection sufficient for satisfaction/sexual intercourse
ED is a sign that something is wrong
associated with Cardiovascular disease and diabetes
endothelial dysfunction leads to ED
• ‘Classic’ androgen deficiency
o Primary
(high LH) – impaired Leydig cell function
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
men become infertile
‘Classic’ androgen deficiency
o Secondary
(low LH)
• Hypothalamo-pituitary disease
birth defects:
category X drugs examples
Alcohol
Etretinate
Isotretinoin
birth defects:
category D drugs examples
Warfarin – skeletal
Phenytoin () – cleft, heart, growth
Valproate () - NTD
birth defects:
Principles of teratology (Wilson)
- Susceptibility depends on the developmental stage of the foetus
- Susceptibility depends on the genotype
- Specific mechanisms occur: growth retardation, functional disorder
- Access depends on nature or absorption of agent
- Manifestations are dose-dependent
birth:
PGF2 alpha
stimulates uterus to contract
puberty:
early infancy -how are hormones
girls: FSH and E2 dominant
boys: LH and testos dominant
puberty:
hormones at prepubeerty and puberty
prepuberty: LH and FSH low for both girls and boys
puberty: lh and fish high for both girls and boys
puberty:
activation of HPG axis at what age?
boys: 12
girls: 10.5
puberty:
kallmans syndrome
delayed/absent puberty cos gonads have issues cos hypothalamus has issues (hypothalamic hypogonadism)
puberty: McCune Albright Syndrome
precocious puberty
puberty:
kisspeptin
no kisspeptin= no normal puberty
kisspeptin treatment= induce puberty (in animals)
puberty: peak velocity for growing at what age?
boys-14
girls- 12
sexual response:
males
Excitement- mostly para
Plataeu phase- mostly para
Orgasmic phase- sympa
Resolution
menopause:
endo of menopause
progressive decrease in primordial follicles
progressive decrease in inhibin B
progressive increase in FSH
late fall in Estradiol (E2)
late fall in inhibin A
testosterone decreases premenopausal, maintains across menopausal transition
menopause:
testosterone
declines with age, not menopause
menopause:
clinical symptoms mainly due to
no more oestrogen from ovaries
placentation and foetal growth:
transport of stuff
diffusion: gases, drugs, water,urea
facilitated diffusion: glucose, lactate
active transport: aa
Receptor-mediated endocytosis Complex: lipids, cholesterol
placentation and foetal growth:
what is a good measure of foetal growth?
E3
prevention of birth defects:
newborn screening program in vic
PKA-Phenylketonuria metabolic disorders cystic fibrosis hypothyroidism also do biochemical markers
