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MED 2042 Wks 1-5 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

steps for fertilsation

A 
•	Preparing for fertilization
o	Capacitation
o	The acrosome reaction
•	Penetration of the zona pellucida
•	Fusion of the oocyte and sperm membranes
•	Egg activation  
o	Corticol granule exocytosis
o	Resumption of the cell cycle 
•	 - Polar body is expelled
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2
Q

Brith:

when actions of progesterone dominate

A

uterus is quiet

prostaglandins inhibited

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3
Q

birth:

when actions of oestrogen dominate

A

uterus activated

prostaglandins synthesized

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4
Q

birth:

progesterone

A

need progesterone for pregnancy

wen progesterone low= termination of pregnancy occurs

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5
Q

birth:

glucocorticoids/cortisol

A

before birth, there is a cortisol surge (that can’t be overridden by negative feedback, and doesn’t need ACTH as well for cortisol to increase)

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6
Q

birth:

brown fat

A

has mito and does thermogeneniss (also has adrenergic nerve control to control thermogenesis )

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7
Q

birth:

before brith, what increases in foetus?

A

lecithin (byproduct of surfactant)

corticosteroids

liver glycogen (cos increase in cortisol causes increase of glycogenesis or sumthing)

progesterone

oestrogen

prolactin

cortisol surge

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8
Q

uterotrophic factors

A

prepare uterus for contraction

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9
Q

uterotonic factors

A

casue contractions in uterus:

prostaglandins in uterus
oxytocin from pituitary

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10
Q

uterotrophic and uterotonic factors inhibited by and potentiated by

A

inhibited by progesterone

potentiated by oestrogen

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11
Q

PGE2

A

act on cervix, can be used clinically to induce labour (given as a vaginal gel to soften cervix.

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12
Q

Ferguson reflex:

A

wen baby moves down further, stretches the wall, send signals to brain, release more oxytocin , =more contraction. positive feedback loop

oxytocin involved in ferguson reflex

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13
Q

what initiates birth in humans

A

the signals originate from inside the uterus- could be the baby or the uterine wall etc we dont really know

  • Withdrawal of Progesterone action is necessary
  • Prostaglandins is necessary
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14
Q

stages of labour

A

contractions &amp to full dilation of cervix

full dilation and baby delivered

placenta gotten rid of

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15
Q

wat prevents lactation

A

oestrogen!

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16
Q

endocrine control of lactation

A

during pregnancy: progesterone n oestrogen promote growth of ducts in breast. Prolactin contributes but its action is inhibited by sex steroids

at brith: progesterone and oestrogen conc fall massively

prolactin plataus at a medium level

lactation takes a few days to work

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17
Q

normal menstrual cycle is

A

28 days

normal range 21-35 days

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18
Q

phases of menstrual cycle

A 
Follicular phase: variable length
    Menstrual
    Proliferative 
Luteual phase: fixed length of 14 days 
    Secretory
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19
Q

menopause def

A

the last menstrual period in a woman who has

not had a hysterectomy

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20
Q

o Perimenopause def

A

time from the onset of cycle irregularity through until 12 months after the last menstrual period

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21
Q

o Premature ovarian insufficiency def

A

cessation of ovarian function occurring before age 40

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22
Q

menopause facts

A

The last menstrual bleed in a
woman with an intact uterus

Permanent loss of ovarian follicular
development

Loss of cyclical production of
estradiol, progesterone and
testosterone.

o Average age = 51.5 years

23
Q

inhibin

A

• Produced by healthy Graafia follicles

24
Q

ANTI-MULLTERIAN HORMONE (AMH)

A

• A product of growing follicles
indicator of ovarian reserve

the higher the AMH level, the greater the follicle population

low levels predict menopause coming

25
Q

menopause symptoms

A
  • Vasomotor symptoms: hot flushes, night sweats
  • Crawling sensations on skin
  • Anxiety (particularly over things which previously don’t cause anxiety)
  • Irritability
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Lessened memory
  • Lessened concentration
  • Vaginal dryness
  • Low libido
  • Fatigue
  • Muscle/joint pains
  • Overall diminished wellbeing
  • Depression
26
Q

menopause symptoms facts

A
  • Can start several years before menopause
  • Symptoms may last for MANY years in some women
  • THERE IS NO CUT-OFF AGE AT WHICH SYMPTOMS BEGIN OR END
27
Q

earliest signs to menopause

A
  • Irregular and/or lighter menses
  • Symptoms of oestrogen insufficiency or oestrogen excess
  • Key element: variable length cycles
28
Q

spermiogenesis

A

wen immobile spermatids become sperm

o theres Nuclear compaction – into head of sperm

29
Q

vas deferens

A

arise from epididymus with thicker smooth muscle wall

contractile

30
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

newborn babies with one or both testes remaining undescended

31
Q

testicular cancer

A

there is disrupted development of germline cells.
this disruption happens in FOETUS

germ line cells stuff up, and can’t get signals from sertoli cells.
Germ cells stays undifferentiated as carcinoma in situ in testis. carcinonoma progress to malignancy at puberty

32
Q

Low Androgen=

A

lower body mass and higher fat mass and glucose intolerance and prediabetes

33
Q

erectile dysfunction

A

consistant or recurrent inability to sustain or maintain penile erection sufficient for satisfaction/sexual intercourse

ED is a sign that something is wrong

associated with Cardiovascular disease and diabetes

endothelial dysfunction leads to ED

34
Q

• ‘Classic’ androgen deficiency

o Primary

A

(high LH) – impaired Leydig cell function
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
men become infertile

35
Q

‘Classic’ androgen deficiency

o Secondary

A

(low LH)

• Hypothalamo-pituitary disease

36
Q

birth defects:

category X drugs examples

A

Alcohol
Etretinate
Isotretinoin

37
Q

birth defects:

category D drugs examples

A

Warfarin – skeletal
Phenytoin () – cleft, heart, growth
Valproate () - NTD

38
Q

birth defects:

Principles of teratology (Wilson)

A
  1. Susceptibility depends on the developmental stage of the foetus
  2. Susceptibility depends on the genotype
  3. Specific mechanisms occur: growth retardation, functional disorder
  4. Access depends on nature or absorption of agent
  5. Manifestations are dose-dependent
39
Q

birth:

PGF2 alpha

A

stimulates uterus to contract

40
Q

puberty:

early infancy -how are hormones

A

girls: FSH and E2 dominant
boys: LH and testos dominant

41
Q

puberty:

hormones at prepubeerty and puberty

A

prepuberty: LH and FSH low for both girls and boys
puberty: lh and fish high for both girls and boys

42
Q

puberty:

activation of HPG axis at what age?

A

boys: 12
girls: 10.5

43
Q

puberty:

kallmans syndrome

A

delayed/absent puberty cos gonads have issues cos hypothalamus has issues (hypothalamic hypogonadism)

44
Q

puberty: McCune Albright Syndrome

A

precocious puberty

45
Q

puberty:

kisspeptin

A

no kisspeptin= no normal puberty

kisspeptin treatment= induce puberty (in animals)

46
Q

puberty: peak velocity for growing at what age?

A

boys-14

girls- 12

47
Q

sexual response:

males

A

Excitement- mostly para
Plataeu phase- mostly para
Orgasmic phase- sympa
Resolution

48
Q

menopause:

endo of menopause

A

progressive decrease in primordial follicles
progressive decrease in inhibin B
progressive increase in FSH
late fall in Estradiol (E2)
late fall in inhibin A
testosterone decreases premenopausal, maintains across menopausal transition

49
Q

menopause:

testosterone

A

declines with age, not menopause

50
Q

menopause:

clinical symptoms mainly due to

A

no more oestrogen from ovaries

51
Q

placentation and foetal growth:

transport of stuff

A

diffusion: gases, drugs, water,urea
facilitated diffusion: glucose, lactate
active transport: aa
Receptor-mediated endocytosis Complex: lipids, cholesterol

52
Q

placentation and foetal growth:

what is a good measure of foetal growth?

A

E3

53
Q

prevention of birth defects:

newborn screening program in vic

A 
PKA-Phenylketonuria
metabolic disorders
cystic fibrosis
hypothyroidism
also do biochemical markers

MED 2042 Wks 1-5 (14 decks)

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