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MED 2042 Wks 1-5 > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

red cell structure and function:

haemaglobin breakdown

A

broken into haem and globin
haem becomes bilinogen and excreted in faeces/urine
globin becomes aa
the iron from haem gets transported via transferrin and stored in bone marrow/recycled

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2
Q

haemophillia A

A

deficiency of F8

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3
Q

haemophillia B

A

deficiency of F9

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4
Q

universal recipient

A

AB+ (cos it has the antigen of everything)

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5
Q

universal donor

A

O- (cos it does not have the antigen of anything)

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6
Q

O type RBCS

A

universal donor for giving cells

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7
Q

AB type plasma

A

universal donor for giving serum- in an emergency if need to give plasma, give AB plasma

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8
Q

AB type blood

A

universal recipient

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9
Q

What happens when antibodies meet the antigen?

A

IgM antibodies fix complement -> permeabilises RBC membrane -> intravascular haemolysis.

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10
Q

ABO blood system

A

Body naturally makes antibodies against antigens it doesn’t have
Antibodies are type IgM
A, B, O antigen is an oligosaccharide (sugar)
Anti A, B, O antibodies cant cross the placenta

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11
Q

Rhesus blood system

A

Body doesn’t naturally make antibodies against antigen it doesn’t have- must need exposure eg a wrong transfusion-befor body makes antibodies
Antibodies are type IgG
D antigen is a PROTEIN
Anti-D antibody can cross the placenta and cause HDN

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12
Q

blood grouping:

forward group

A
  • pt’s red cells are tested with antibodies.

* If pt has either A, B or D antigen, the antibodies will bind to the antigens –causing agglutination

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13
Q

blood grouping:

In the Backward group:

A
  • Mix pts serum with A, B and AB cells

* If pt has either A antibody, B antibody or both, it will bind to the A, B or AB cells and cause agglutination.

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14
Q

Indications for Red cell transfusion

A

If pts haemoglobin level was less than 70 g

But if no symptoms then u might not need transfuion

70-100 appropriate with ongoing blood loss
100- unlikely to be appropriate

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15
Q

FFP

A

contains all coagulation factors

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16
Q

when to give platelet transfusion

A

u normally want platelet count mroe than 50

so if less than that, give platelet transufison

17
Q

wat bac contamination common for blood transfusion

A

gram neg organism- yersinia enterocolita

18
Q

wat do we screen for in blood?

A 
Syphilis antibodies
􀁹 Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
􀁹 Hepatitis C antibody
􀁹 HIV antibody
􀁹 HTLVI and II antibody
HIV Nucleic acid testing
HCV Nucleic acid testing
19
Q

indications for blood transfusion

A

acute major blood loss: surgery, post part
marrow problems: ALL, AML
haemoglobinopathies: thalassaemia major
chronic disae; malignancy

20
Q

direct coombs test

A

to detect antibodies already on cell

get pts cells (with antibodies on them) and add anti-human antibodies. everything sticks together
agglutination=positive result

21
Q

indirect coombs test

A

to detect antibodies in recipeints serum

take pt’s serum (with antibodies in it) , add donor rbcs, add anti-human antibodies. if donors rbcs had the antigen, everything will agglutinate= positive result

22
Q

conditions that cause a right shift:

A

increase in temperature, 2,3-DPG, or PCO2, H+
a decrease in pH

these conditions REDUCES haemoglobin’s affinity for oxy
hence need high PO2 for same O2 saturation

23
Q

foetal hb and hb dissociation curve

A 
Foetal haemoglobin (HbF) is left shifted compared to adult Hb.
It is not sensitive to 2,3DPG (so can’t move the curve to the right).
24
Q

haemophillia

A

X-linked recessive, women asymptomatic
haemathrosis, haemartoma,
prolonged aPTT

25
Q

forming a platelet plug

A

platelets bind to collagen via glycoprotein IIa/Ia
vWF helps platelets bind to collagen (forms extra links bw platelet’s glycoprotein Ib and collagen)

activated platelets release granules like ADP and thromboxane A2 to call more platelets to come

26
Q

PT tests for factors

A

7, 10, 5, 2, 1

27
Q

PTT or aPTT test for factors

A

12, 11, 9, 8, 10, 5, 2, 1

28
Q

thrombin time TT test for factor

A

1

29
Q

Target INR in anticoagulation therapy

A

2-3

30
Q

prolonged Prothrombin time (PT)

A

vitamin K deficiency
DIC
warfarin use
liver disease

31
Q

prolonged aPTT

A

anticoagulation therapy, DIC, hemophilia, severe liver disease, lupus coagulant, factor inhibitors

32
Q

inhbitors of coagulation cascade

A

Protein C
protein S
Antithrombin III

33
Q

DIC

A

S&S – haemorrhage symptoms (stroke, bruising, haematuria, epistaxis), clotting symptoms (stroke, focal ischaemia
Coagulation times prolonged (PT, aPTT and thrombin)

34
Q

Von Willebrand Factor (vWF)

A

Synthesised by endothelial cells

carrier for FVIII; without vWF, FVIII has a very short survival period in the blood

35
Q

Von Willebrand’s Disease

A

Abnormal platelet adhesion, prolonged bleeding time.
Heavy periods
Hence detected more in females

Mildly prolonged aPTT.

36
Q

factors dependent on vit K

A

2,7, 9, 10

MED 2042 Wks 1-5 (14 decks)

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