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Animal Science 001 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

reproduction

A

propagation and continuation of the species

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2
Q

parturition

A

birth

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3
Q

puberty

A

reproductive maturation

  • physical - reproductive organs
  • endocrine - endocrine cycle develops
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4
Q

heat/ estrus

A

period of sexual receptivity

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5
Q

estrous cycle

A

interval from one heat to the next heat

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6
Q

ovulation

A

release of oocyte from ovary

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7
Q

spermiation

A

release of spermatozoa into male duct system

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8
Q

copulation

A

transfer of sperm from male to female

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9
Q

fertilization

A

union of the male (sperm) and female (oocyte) gametes

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10
Q

pregnancy/ gestation

A

development of the zygote/ embryo/ growth of fetus

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11
Q

lactation

A

nourishment of neonate

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12
Q

ovaries

A 
female gonad (sex organ)
structure which contains all the follicles from which oocytes are released
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13
Q

infundibulum

A

catches egg when it is released from the ovary

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14
Q

oviduct

A

fallopian tube
tube for egg transportation to the uterus
site of fertilization

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15
Q

uterus

A

the place where the fetus(s) develops
provides nutrients prior to development of the placenta
contracts during parturition to expel the fetus

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16
Q

cervix

A

fibrous connective tissue
barrier to external environment
acts as a passageway and filter for sperm
dilates at parturition

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17
Q

vagina

A

copulatory organ
passageway btwn cervix and external genetalia (vulva)
passageway for the fetus

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18
Q

vulva

A

external genetalia

includes labia which help protect vagina from bacterial contamination

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19
Q

ovarian cycle

A

primary follicle
secondary follicle
tertiary (antral) follicle
corpus luteum

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20
Q

primary (primordial) follicle

A

immature oocyte surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells

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21
Q

secondary (growing) follicle

A

recruited from primordial pool

2 or more layers of granulosa cells

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22
Q

tertiary (mature) or antral follicle

A

antrum is visible

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23
Q

corpus luteum

A

develops from follicle after ovulation
-yellow mass of cells that fills the ruptured follicle
granulosa and theca cells become luteal cells
produces progesterone - necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy
in most species CL degenerates @ end of cycle unless gets signal from uterus that embryo is present

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24
Q

oogenesis

A

egg production
production of primary oocytes occurs before birth
females complement of oocytes is fixed soon after birth
100,000s of primordial follicles each containing an oocyte
only a relative few will be ovulated - most partially develop and become atretic

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25
Q

zona pellucida

A

protein coat “shell” that surrounds the oocyte

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26
Q

follicle

A

blister like structure on the ovary
contains an oocyte
contains granulosa cells that produce estrogen

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27
Q

corpus albicans

A

“scar” left on ovary after CL regresses

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28
Q

ovarian cycle of a uniparous species

A

usually produce 1 mature ovum per estrous cycle

ex. horse, cow, human

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29
Q

ovarian cycle of a multiparous species

A

(ie litters)
multiple ova produced per estrous cycle
ex. cat, dog, sow

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30
Q

estrous cycle

A

time from beginning of one heat period (estrus) to the next

stages: proestrus, estrus (high estrogen), metestrus, diestrus (high progesterone), anestrus (only some species)

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31
Q

proestrus

A

follicles begin developing and growing

output of estrogen from follicles increases accordingly

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32
Q

estrus

A

day 0 of cycle
period of sexual receptivity in the female
estrogen level production peaks
ovulation occurs near end of estrus

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33
Q

metestrus

A

corpus luteum developing
estrogen dropping rapidly
progesterone rising rapidly

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34
Q

diestrus

A

CL exerting maximum effect
the uterus preps for an embryo
if fertilized ovum implants, CL is retained
if no pregnancy, CL degenerates

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35
Q

anestrus

A

period of temporary ovarian inactivity
seen in animals that have seasonal cycles
also seen during periods of nutritional stress

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36
Q

estrous cycle intervals

A

polyestrous
seasonal polyestrous
diestrous
monoestrous

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37
Q

polyestrous

A

cycle continuously throughout the year if they are not pregnant (cattle, swine, human)

38
Q

seasonally polyestrous

A

seasonal variations in estrous cycles (horse, sheep, cat)

39
Q

diestrous

A

2 cycles/ year, usually spring and fall (dog)

40
Q

monoestrus

A

one cycle per year (fox and mink)

41
Q

endocrine regulation of female cycle

A

initiation by the hypothalamus in the brain
releases gonadotropin(GnRH)
responds to environment (some species; day length)
responds to body maturity (puberty)
often inhibited by nutritional stress
- early lactation, (also athletic training)
inhibited by progesterone (ie birth control)

42
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone

GnRH

A

stimulates anterior pituitary gland to produce gonadotropin hormones

  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • leutinizing hormone (LH)
    • they travel in blood to the gonads
43
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A

stimulates follicle development

44
Q

hypothalimc - pituitary - ovarian axis

A

mature follicle –> estrogen –> GnRH –> LH –> ovulation
mature follicles produce lots of estrogen
estrogen level reaches high threshold
causes a surge in GnRH production
causes surge in LH release from pituitary
causes ovulation
ovulated follicle becomes CL producing high P4
high P4 low E2 = neg feedback
high E2 low P4 = positive feedback
-causes LH surge

45
Q

prostaglandin (PGF2)

A

produced by non-pregnant uterus

causes lysis of CL

46
Q

lysis of corpus luteum

A 
if animal is not pregnant
turns into corpus albicans
loss of CL causes progesterone levels to decrease
new follicles mature quickly
ovulation occurs thus completing a cycle
47
Q

pregnancy: maintenance of the corpus luteum

A

embryo moves to uterus for implantation
embryo makes placenta
-membranes which surround the fetus and help w/ nutrient exchange w/ mother
-may make progesterone and other hormones

48
Q

signs of estrus - dairy

A

standing for mounting or chin pressing

49
Q

reproductive physiology of the bitch

A 
one estrus per breeding cycle (monoestrus)
one breeding cycle every 6 to 8 months
-not related to season
anestrus - proestrus - estrus - diestrus
corpus luteum for aprox 65 days (preg or not)
-no maternal recognition of pregnancy
estrus for approx 10 days
ovulation (multiple) at approx day 7
-2 days after LH surge
50
Q

reproductive physiology of the queen

A

polyestrus (3 week cycles)
-induced ovulator
-alternate proestrus - estrus - postestus until mating
no mating - no ovulation - no CL - no rise in progesterone

51
Q

male reproductive system

A

produces testosterone
spermatozoa
delivers spermatozoa to the female system

52
Q

testes

A

suspended in scrotum
cooler temperature required for sperm production
descend through inguinal canal into scrotum before birth
develop in abdominal cavity during fetal development

53
Q

cryptochid

A

lack of testicular descent
sterile
still produce testosterone

54
Q

pampiniform plexus

A

countercurrent heat exchanger (of scrotum/testes)

55
Q

sperm pathway

A 
seminferous tubules - continually produce sperm
rete testis
epididymis (head, body, and tail)
vas deferens (ductus deferens)
urethra
56
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

between tubules:
-leydig cells - produce testosterone
w/in tubules
-sertoli cells - support development of spermatozoa

57
Q

spermaition

A 
release of spermatozoa into tubule
spermatogonia
--> proliferation
spermatocyte 
--> meiosis
spermatid
--> final differentiation
spermatozoa
58
Q

sperm anatomy

A

head - contains nucleus of the cell, covered by acrosome
midpiece - large concentration of mitochondria
tail - contractile fibrils (flagella)

59
Q

acrosome

A

covers sperm head

contains enzymes that help the spermatozoa penetrate the zone pelucida

60
Q

semen

A

seminal plasma and spermatozoa

billions of spermatozoa/ mL of semen

61
Q

seminal plasma

A

fluid produced by epididymis and accessory sex glands

provides nutrients and buffer

62
Q

accessory reproductive glands

A

seminal vesicles - paired glands
prostate gland - single gland surrounds urethra
bulbourethra (coupers) gland - secrete mucinous fluid just before ejaculation that clears and lubricates the urethra

63
Q

endocrine regulation in male

A

negative feedback loop

GnRH -+-> LH -+-> leydig cell –> testosterone - - -> GnRH

64
Q

delivery of sperm to oocyte

A 
sperm transported from vagina to oviduct by 
- swimming
- contractions of uterus and oviducts
-cilia in oviducts
arrives in the oviduct in minutes
65
Q

acrosome reaction

A

occurs when sperm binds to zona pellucid

release of acrosomal enzymes to help the sperm penetrate through the zona pellucida

66
Q

fertilization

A

a single sperm penetrates the zone and fuses w/ the cell membrane of the ovum
this leads to the “zona block” which prevents any other sperm from getting through
this is due to the cortical reaction occurring in the oocyte
-blocks polyspermy

67
Q

cortical reaction

A

“zona block”
occurs after fusion of sperm and oocyte membranes
contents of oocyte’s cortical granules are exocytosed into perivitine space and cause a hardening of the zona
polyspermy is thus prevented

68
Q

zygote

A

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of 2 haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum

69
Q

morula

A

a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, from which a blastula is formed

70
Q

blastocyst

A

a blastula (hollow ball of cells) in which some differentiation of cells has occurred

71
Q

blastocoel

A

fluid filled cavity of a blastula

72
Q

placenta

A

multilayered (3 layers), fluid filled, membranous sacs (2)
outermost layer of placenta (chorion) attaches to uterine lining
-fetal and maternal blood vessels are in close proximity to each other in this area
-site of exchange of blood and nutrients and waste

73
Q

amnion

A

(placenta)
membranous layer immediately surrounding the fetus
-forms the amniotic sac
-fetus floats in amniotic fluid inside the amniotic sac

74
Q

allantois

A

(placenta)
layer surrounding amniotic sac
-forms allantoic sac which accumulates wastes
-outside of allantoic sac is covered by the chorion

75
Q

chorion

A

(placenta)
attaches to lining of uterus
linked to fetus by the umbilical cord

76
Q

diffuse placental attachement

A

ex. horse or pig

77
Q

cotyledonary placental attachement

A

ex. ruminant

78
Q

zonary placental attachement

A

ex. dog, cat

79
Q

discoid placental attachement

A

ex. primates, rodents, rabbits

80
Q

eustocia

A

normal parturition

81
Q

dystocia

A 
prolonged or difficult parturition
due to:
excessive fetal size
abnormal presentation
multiple births
82
Q

stages of parturition

A

stage I: initiation of uterine contractions and cirvical dilation
Stage II: expulsion of fetus
Stage III: expulsion of placenta

83
Q

parturition initiated by the fetus

A

fetal maturation and stress
-responds w/ cortisol from fetal adrenal gland
fetal cortisol causes
-removal of maternal “progesterone block” on uterine contractions
-stimulation of cervical secretions
-effects on fetus: final lung maturation

84
Q

stage I parturition

A

removal of progesterone block inc. uterine contractions
uterine contractions –> pressure on cervix –> release of oxytocin -> uterine contractions
usually 2 to 6 hours
dilation of cervix “fully effaced” - becomes flush w/ vagina
relaxation of pelvic ligaments
lubrication of birth canal

85
Q

stage II parturition

A

expulsion of fetus
usually less than 1 hour
rupture of chorioallantoic and amniotic sacs
-lubrication
uterine labor wave contractions superimposed w/ abdominal muscle contractions
propulsion of fetus into vagina

86
Q

neonate first breath

A

rupture of umbilicus and or detachment of placenta from uterus
hypoxia
massive stimulation of nervous system
expansion of lungs

87
Q

stage III parturition

A

expulsion of fetal membranes
-litter bearing species have interspersed stage II and III
constriction of blood vessels @ maternal fetal union
oxytocin for continued uterine contractions and continued vasoconstriction
timing:
mare: 1-3 hrs, cow: 6-12hrs, sow 1-4hrs

88
Q

reproductive technologies

A

artificial insemination

estrus synchronization

89
Q

artificial insemination

A

approx 80% of dairy cows
bull ejaculate contains about 5mL w/ about 1 billion sperm per mL = 5 billion sperm/ ejaculate
typical AI does is 10 million sperm 500 doses

90
Q

estrus synchronization

A

homronal injection protocol to control female cycle
often used in dairy management in conjunction w/ AI
simplest form is to give injections of PGF2 during diestrus
-causes regression of CL - allows rapid growth of follicles
-estrus and ovulation about 3 days later
no effect if CL not present (ie not in diestrus)
therefore give 2 injections about 14 days apart

91
Q

timed artificial insemination

A

give GnRH to cause LH surge
-forces follicle to ovulate
not heat detection dependent
-pre arranged breeding schedule

92
Q

embryo transfer

A

donor cow - given FSH to super ovulate and GnRH to time breeding
recipient cow - synched to donor cow’s cycle
blastocyst collected on day 7 by flushing donor uterus
transfer 1 egg to each recipient that is also on day 7 of cycle
day 7 blastocyst needs day 7 uterus

Animal Science 001 (8 decks)

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