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Animal Science 001 > Intro to Nutrition > Flashcards

Intro to Nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nutrition

A

the study of the body’s need and mechanisms of acquiring, digesting, transporting, and metabolizing nutrients
feed costs can exceed 70% of animal production

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2
Q

monogastric

A

human pig dog cat
simple stomach
dietary components broken down and absorbed in small intestine

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3
Q

ruminant

A

cattle sheep goats moose giraffe etc.
herbivorous diet in general
rumen contains microbes that degrade feed
-fermentation energy products absorbed here
microbes then passed into abomasum
final digestion and absorption in sm. intestine

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4
Q

hind gut fementation

A

microbes in hind gut break down forage

fermentation products absorbed for energy

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5
Q

nutrient

A 
a substance in the diet that supports normal functions of the body
6 major components 
carbohydrates
protein
lipids
vitamins
minerals
water
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6
Q

feedstuff components

A 
water (moisture)
protein (crude protein)
fat (crude fat)
carbohydrates
vitamins
minerals (ash)

energy NOT a nutrient

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7
Q

dietary essential nutrients

A

must be part of the animals diet
ex: essential AA, some vitamins, some minerals
species specific
50 for most monogastrics
-cant be made at all or in sufficient quantities by the body
deficiency = disease or decreased performance

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8
Q

nutrients are energy sources

A

generate energy via metabolism to generate ATP

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9
Q

measures of nutritional energy

A

calorie (cal) amt of heat to raise 1g water 1degC

nutritionalists calorie is actually a kilocalorie (kcal)

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10
Q

water

A

obtained from food, beverages, metabolism (formed during chem rxn)
excreted via kidney, skin, intestines
functions: lubrication, cooling

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11
Q

carbohydrates

A

important source of energy 4 kcal/g
chemically CHO
glucose, simple sugars, complex carbs
deficiency - no specific requirement but will be manifested as an energy deficiency
excess - deposited as fat in adipose tissue

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12
Q

glucose

A 
6 carbon sugar
the bodys major energy source
primary fuel of metabolism 
- only source of food for brain
limited body reserves in form of glycogen
-chains of glucose in liver and muscle
excess glucose converted to body fat
large increase in glucose requirements in late pregnancy and lactation
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13
Q

monosacchardies

A

hexoses 6 C
glucose - blood sugar
galactose - part of lactose
fructose - part of sucrose

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14
Q

disaccharides

A

sucrose - table sugar
-glucose and fructose
lactose - milk sugar
-glucose and galactose

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15
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymers of glucose
starches
fiber
cellulose

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16
Q

starches

A

mostly alpha 1-4 linkages between glucoses
storage form of energy
plant - amylose, easily digestible
animal - glycogen

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17
Q

fiber

A

major components of plant cell walls
structural components of forages
termed non digestible

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18
Q

celulose

A

plant cell wall
gives rigidity
animals lack cellulase enzyme required to break beta 1-4 linkage
can be hydrolyzed in rumen

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19
Q

microbial fermentation

A

celulose –> glucose –> VFAs
products are short chain volatile fatty acids
acetate, propionate, butyrate
these are absorbed where they are produced

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20
Q

lipids

A

fats
9 kcal/g
made up of fatty acids (long medium and short chains of C)
fat is stored as triglyceride (glycerol and 3 fatty acids)
required for cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)
deficiency - scaly skin, tail necrosis, growth and reproductive failure
excess - obesity, health problems

21
Q

essential fatty acids

A

linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3)
required for membrane, prostaglandin, hormone synthesis
plentiful in plant materials, fish oil, and animal fat

22
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

solid at room temp

animal fats such as butter

23
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

liquid at room temperature

ex veg oil

24
Q

protein

A

synthesized in animal form
-AA from diet and synthesized in body
whole proteins not absorbed broken down into AA that can then be absorbed
long chains of AA

25
Q

amino acids

A 
20 different AAs 
characterized by 3 components
1. an amine group - NH3 (nitrogen)
2. a carboxyl group - COOH
3. an R group - specific for each AA
26
Q

peptide bonds

A

AAs joined together by peptide bonds
- 2 AAs joined H2O molecule removed
AA composition of protein controls folding and function

27
Q

essential amino acid

A

must be provided in the diet

28
Q

non-essential amino acid

A

animal can synthesize or make from other AA

29
Q

semi essential amino acid

A

rate of synthesis is too low to meet demand

30
Q

first limiting amino acid

A

essential AA in least concentration in diet relative to animals needs
all AA must be present in diet for normal protein synthesis

31
Q

amino acid deficiency

A 
poor growth rate
reduced intake
low birth weight and high infant mortality
reduced milk and egg production
infertility
32
Q

non protein nitrogen

A 
ruminant bacteria can use NPN to make AA
NPN:
AA
nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
Ammonia (NH3)
urea
33
Q

minerals and vitamins

A 
key factors in metabolism
enzyme cofactors (catalysts)
34
Q

vitamins

A

organic components of feedstuffs that are required in minute quantities for a specific function
some species are able to synthesize some vitamins or utilize vitamins that are microbially synthesized

35
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

some storage in body fat

A, D, E, K

36
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

limited body storage
vitamin C
B vitamins

37
Q

function of vitamins

A 
biochemical reactions - cofactors
-such as B vit folate
antioxidants - vit E and C
vision - vit A
structure - vit D
blood clotting - vit K
38
Q

vitamin D

A

bone growth

reproduction

39
Q

vitamin E

A

immune function

reproduction

40
Q

vitamin A

A

vision, bone growth

41
Q

vitamin B

A

growth, anemia

42
Q

vitamin C

A

scurvy

in guinea pigs causes scaly bleeding skin

43
Q

minerals

A

inorganic elements - on periodic table

macro: Na, Ca, Cl, Mg, P, K, S
- 100’s of mg to gm range
micro: Cr, Co, Cu, F, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, Zn
- ug to 10’s mg range

44
Q

function of minerals

A

most minerals may have many functions
structural (bone, egg shell) - Ca, P
biochem rxn (catalyst coenzyme) - P, Fe
nervous/ muscular system activity Ca, Na, Cl
regulation of osmotic pressure and pH (acid and base)

45
Q

mineral deficiencies

A

calcium - osteomalacia
- milk fever
Iron - anemia (component of hemoglobin)
Iodine - goiter (thyroid hormone component)

46
Q

milk fever

A

excessive loss fo blood Ca in early lactation

hypocalcemia

47
Q

goiter

A

iodine deficiency

extensive growth of thyroid gland due to over compensation

48
Q

osteomalacia

A

rickets
soft bones
bowed legs

Animal Science 001 (8 decks)

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