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Animal Science 001 > Animal Health > Flashcards

Animal Health Flashcards

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1
Q

health

A

a state of complete well-being

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2
Q

disease

A

any state other than complete health

normal function of the body or its parts is disturbed

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3
Q

symptoms

A

noticeable differences from normal

  • indicators of disease
    - fever, weight loss, water feces, labored movement or breathing
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4
Q

lesion

A

change in an organ

-size, color, abscess, tumor

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5
Q

etiology

A

study of factors that cause a disease
many interactions
-pathogen - host - environment interaction

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6
Q

disease diagnosis

A

detection of symptoms
formulation of hypothesis for disease cause
development and execution of treatment plan

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7
Q

detection of symptoms

A

isolated animal? or her mates too?
clinical examination
-visual, auditory, olfactory, palpation
boy fluid or tissue analysis

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8
Q

formulation of hypothesis for disease cause

A

based on training/ experience of diagnostician

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9
Q

development and execution of treatment plan

A

individual medicine
herd medicine
nutrition, environment (housing), vaccination etc.

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10
Q

describing disease

A

clinical vs. sub-clinical

acute vs. chronic

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11
Q

clinical

A 
disease symptoms are clearly present 
ie clinical mastitis
-reddish, hot, swelling of udder
-off color or clots in milk 
-systemic (whole body) fever
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12
Q

sub-clinical

A 
disease carriers
no clear outward signs
ie. sub clinical mastitis
-bacteria present in gland
-but no clear symptoms
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13
Q

acute

A

often intense but short lived (ie days)

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14
Q

chronic

A

may last the life of the animal

more moderate symptoms w/ occasional flare ups

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15
Q

DAMNIT

A 
Scheme for disease diagnosis
Degenerative
Allergenic
Metabolic
Nutrition, neoplasia
Infectious, inflammation
Trauma, toxins
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16
Q

idiopathic

A

unknown cause

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17
Q

degenerative

A 
ex. canine hip dysplasia
genetic component 
-often polygenic so difficult to pinpoint cause
environmental effects
-obesity, excessive exercise of pups
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18
Q

allergic

A

allergies to food, fleas, pollens, mold, etc
symptoms include scratching, hair loss, skin lesion
IgE antibodies to allergenic particles
-stimulate release of histamine
-some relief by use of anti-histamines

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19
Q

metabolic

A 
affect body's metabolism
-often hormonal 
-often nutritional link
diabetes mellitus
-hyperglycemia
-glucoseuria (glucose in urine) --> polyurea (frequent urination) and poly dypsia (thirst)
increased appetite 
inc. weight loss
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20
Q

metabolic diseases milk fever

A

calcium is required for muscle contraction
loss of Ca in milk
inability to mobilize Ca stores
lack of coordination, collapse, death

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21
Q

nutritional disorders

A

obesity-imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure
nutritional deficiencies: minerals, vitamins, amino acids, essential fatty acids

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22
Q

mineral deficiencies

A

calcium - osteomalacia (rickets), milk fever
iron - anemia
iodine - hypothyroid (goiter)
copper - hair loss, immune system
selenium - impaired immune function
zinc - loss of dermal integrity (skin condition, parakeratosis in pigs)

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23
Q

vitamin deficiencies

A 
A - vision, bone growth
B complex - growth, anemia
C - scurvy
D - bone growth
E - immune function
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24
Q

neoplasia

A

cancerous growth of cells

treatments: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

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25
Q

infectious

A

infection - caused by living organisms - pathogens
fungi - many skin infections, ring worm
nematodes - round worm, heart worm
cestodes - tapeworm
protozoa - unicellular parasite (malaria)
bacteria - staphylococcus sp., salmonella sp.
virus - HIV, H1N1, influenza rabies (living?)
prion - mad cow disease, aka bovine spongiform encephalitis (living?)

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26
Q

inflammatory immune-mediated

A

ex. rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune hemolytic anemia
-antibodies to red cells causing them to burst
- treat w/ immunosupressive drugs

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27
Q

trauma

A

wounds, broken bones, torn ligaments, sprained tendons, burns (chemical, solar radiation)

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28
Q

ligament

A

connects bone to bone

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29
Q

tendon

A

connects muscle to bone

30
Q

toxins

A 
antifreeze
-ethylene glycol (sweet)
-metabolites cause kidney failure
rodenticides - warfarin
-interferes w/ production of vit K dependent blood clotting factors
lead poisoning - paint
-interferes w/ RBC matuation
31
Q

natural defenses against disease

A

behavioral or environmental adaptations
proper nutrition
barriers to pathogens: skin, stomach acid, coughing
immnity (non specific + specific (both active and passive))
genetic resistance

32
Q

non-specific defenses against disease

A

innate immunity
skin mucous membranes, stomach acid
-protective barriers
antimicrobial proteins
-enzymes that kill bacteria (lysozyme in tears)
phagocytic cells
-macrophages and neutrophils ingest and kill organisms
inflammatory responses
-chemicals released by host that cause inflammation
- recruit phagocytes to site of injury
-elevate temperature and cause swelling

33
Q

phagocytic cells

A

neutrophils and macrophages

34
Q

neutrophils

A

circulate in blood waiting to be called to site of infection

  • engulf pathogens
  • “garbage can”
35
Q

macrophages

A

reside in tissues
fewer that neutrophils but much greater capacity also ingest dead cells, cellular debris etc.
-“garbage truck”

36
Q

inflammatory response

A

redness, heat: inc. blood flow

swelling: leaky blood vessels allow clotting factors and phagocytes to reach site of infection

37
Q

specific immunity

A

acquired immunity
2 major divisions
1. Humoral
2. Cell Mediated acquired immunity

38
Q

Humoral Acquired Immunity

A 
antibodies in body fluids
-immunoglobulins (Ig)
-IgM, IgG most abundant
specialized forms
-IgA: secreted (intestine, saliva)
-IgE: rare, associated w/ allergies
39
Q

Antibodies

A

produced by “B” cells in blood
2 major effects
1. bind specific parts of molecules and neutralize them
-ie. tetanus toxin
2. Bind specific pathogens and aid in recognition by phagocytes
-opsonization

40
Q

how antibodies are acquired

A

acquired by:

active immunization and passive immunization

41
Q

active immunization

A

endogeneous production of antibodies following

  1. exposure to the pathogen
  2. vaccination w/ disabled pathogen or pathogen component (ie. tetanus toxin)
42
Q

passive immunization

A

acquired from dam via placenta or colostrum

or given by intravenous injection as a treatment

43
Q

vaccination

A

term derived from vacca for cow pox
- Edward Jenner (1769)
- Successfully vacinated boy against smallpox using pus from milkmaids hands from cowpox
Vaccine stimulates
-antibody production
-production of memory B cells that quickly mount a response to subsequent exposure to the pathogen

44
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

cytotoxic T cells

  • can recognize and destroy body cells that are:
    • infected (ie. viral infection)
    • concerous
45
Q

recognition of virally infected cells

A

infected cell “display” pieces of viral proteins on its surface
cytotoxic T cells “recognize” the viral protein as foreign and kill the cell to prevent the spread of the virus

46
Q

active antibodies

A

produced by the body
natural - exposure to infectious agent
artificial - immunization

47
Q

passive antibodies

A

ready-made antibodies
natural - maternal antibodies
artificial - antibodies from another source

48
Q

parasite

A 
receive nutrition from the host
rarely kill the host
but generally reduce biological fitness
-benefits at the expense of the host
internal: protozoa, various worms
external: fungi, insects (fleas, mosquitos), arachnids (ticks, mites)
49
Q

fungal infections

A 
often skin diseases
ringworm (caused by dermatophytes)
esp. young animals (usually "runs its course")
older animals generally resistant
spread primarily by direct contract
50
Q

multicellular parasites

A
  1. nematode - roundworm, heart worm
    -generally thread like
  2. cestodes (tapeworm)
    -generally flattened body
    common in domestic animals
51
Q

primary host

A

definitive host
host in which the parasite reaches maturity and reproduces sexually
heart worm in dogs

52
Q

secondary host

A

intermediate host
host that harbors the parasite only for a short transition period, during which some developmental stage is complete
-heart worm in mosquito

53
Q

vector

A

an organism that facilitates movement of parasite from one host to another
-mosquito w/ malaria
-deer tick w/ lyme disease
often same as secondary host

54
Q

heart worm

A

dirofilaria - a nematode
spread by mosquito btwn infected and healthy animals
treatment to kill worms requires dog to be kept “quite” for weeks to enable phagocytosis
primary host: dog
secondary host (and vector): mosquito

55
Q

tapeworm

A 
cestode
resides in intestine of primary host (dog)
eggs shed in feces
flea ingest worm eggs (secondary host)
dog ingests infected flea while grooming
56
Q

protozoal parasites

A 
single celled, nucleus, organelles
numerous diseases
-coccidiosis
-toxoplasmosis
-malaria
prevention and treatment: clean feed and water, insect control, vaccination (difficult for many of these)
57
Q

transmission vectors for some parasites

A 
insect vectors for:
nematodes
-heart worm (mosquito bite)
cestodes
-dog tapeworm (flea ingestion)
bacteria
-lyme diesase (borrelia sp.) (ticks)
protozoa
58
Q

bacteria

A

no nucleus or organelles

most have a cell wall covering the cell

59
Q

bacterial diseases

A

destruction of the cell wall causes the bacteria to burst
cell wall disruption is site of action of many antibiotics
mastitis, enteritis, metritis, etc.
vaccines may not protect against many types of bacteria
ie. previous exposure does not always lessen risk of new infection

60
Q

bacterial pathogenesis

A

generation of disease

  1. toxins
  2. indirect damage by host’s own immune response
61
Q

bacterial toxins

A

2 types: exotoxins and endotoxins

62
Q

bacterial exotoxins

A

secreted proteins that damage host cells

  • cholera toxin - sever diarrhea
  • tetanus toxin - muscle contraction
63
Q

bacterial endotoxin

A

part of the bacterial cell
-lipopolysccharide (LPS)
recognized by host leading to an immune reaction

64
Q

indirect damage by host immune response

A 
sepsis, hypovolemic shock
-fluid moves out of circulation into tissue
-less fluid for heart to pump
-reduced blood pressure
leads to organ failure
-kidney failure
-heart failure
65
Q

relative sizes of microorganisms

A

viruses 20-200nm
bacteria 1um
RBC 6-8 um

66
Q

viruses

A

protein coat w/ viral genes inside
DNA or RNA
obligate intracellular parastes - no free living form
not controlled by antibiotics
drugs attack ability to replicate (AZT for HIV)

67
Q

viral diseases

A 
bovine viral diarrhea
distemper - dogs cats
-respiratory infection, watery eyes, breathing problems
new castle disease - chickens
-respiratory disease
rabies - most mammals
west nile virus - horses from mosquitos from birds
foot and mouth disease
68
Q

treatment/ prevention of viral diseases

A

vaccine are often effective but new ones are needed to keep up w/ viral mutations
-ie. influenza
antiviral drugs are hard to design b/c the virus uses the host machinery for metabolism
- ie. blocking host metabolism will also kill the host
- AZT for treating AIDs blocks RNA reverse transcriptase
interferon - a natural mammalian cytokine protein helps prevent viral replication

69
Q

prions

A

transmissible spongiform enecephalopathies
mad cow disease - BSE (cattle)
kuru (humans cannibalism new guinea)
degenerative neurologial disease
consumption of prion protein from brain tissue
-mutant protein causes formation of more abnormal proteins
-causes holes (sponge-like) appearance of brain

70
Q

ectoparasites

A 
found on external skin surface
cause rashes, hair loss, anemia, etc. 
fleas, ticks
mites:
demodectic mange demodex canis
-young dogs w/ immature immune systems
sacoptic mange
-highly transmissible
71
Q

prevention of disease

A

natural defenses
behavioral or environmental defenses
proper nutrition
barriers to pathogens: skin, stomach acid, coughing
immunity (nonspecific and specific (active and passive)
“genetic” resistance

Animal Science 001 (8 decks)

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