Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Science 001 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

animal genetics

A

study of the DNA code and its contribution to animal performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

animal breeding

A

selection of animals to be used in breeding for the next generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

genome

A

the genetic makeup of the whole animal

the entire set of instructions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

genotype

A

specific to one or two genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

phenotype

A

manifestation of the genes

  • expression of the genotype
  • genetic and environmental components
  • “genetic potential” dependent on environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA that can be inherited
code for specific proteins made w/in the body
central dogma: one gene codes for one protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid
2 anti-parallel strands of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate
linked together by bonds between purine (A, G) and pyrimidine (C, T) nucleotide bases
top strand is the coding strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

karyotype

A

“a metaphase spread”

to look for gross alterations in chromosome shape or number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

replication

A

make copies of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

gene transcription

A

DNA –> mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mRNA translation

A

mRNA –> protein coded for by that gene

stops at stop codons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mRNA

A

messenger ribonucleic acid
single stranded
same code as DNA but replaces T w/ U

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

protein

A

made of a chain of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

locus

A

a specific location on a chromosome (gene or specific DNA sequence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

alleles

A

alternate forms at the same locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

single nucleotide polymorphism

SNP

A

mutation

one nucleotide is swapped for another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

deletion

A

a nucleotide is deleted

*frameshift mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

insertion

A

an extra nucleotide is added

*frameshift mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

frameshift mutation

A

codon reading downstream is altered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

myostatin mutation

A

causes muscle hypertrophy
common in belgian blue breed
“double muscle”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

inheritance

A

1 chromosome from each parent

transfer of genes from parent to offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

homozygous

A

same allele at a given locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

heterozygous

A

different alleles at a given locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

offspring

A

arise from fusion of male and female gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

gametes

A

spermatozoa, oocyte
“germ” cells as opposed to somatic cells
derived through the process of meiosis

26
Q

mitosis

A

somatic cell division

27
Q

meiosis

A

gametogenesis
sperm and oocytes arise from somatic cells via meiosis
crossing over - exchange of pieces of parental chromosomes
gamete chromosomes are spliced pieces of maternal and paternal chromosomes

28
Q

punnett square

A

simple example of dominant/recessive inheritance

each parent contributes 1 allele to offspring

29
Q

co-dominance

A

both alleles expressed in heterozygotes

ex. red+white = roan
ex. ABO blood type system - AB is co-dominant both alleles displayed

30
Q

incomplete dominance

A

blending of phenotypes

31
Q

epistasis

A

phenotypic expression of genes at one locus depends on alleles present at another loci
aka modifying genes
ex. coat color in labs

32
Q

historical parentage verification

A

blood group antigens
serum protein polymorphisms
labor intensive
not very robust

33
Q

DNA based parentage verification

A

looks at approx. 15 different loci each w/ numerous alleles
PCR amplification of DNA
a few hair follicles are sufficient
99.99% accurate

34
Q

parentage testing based on polymorphic region of DNA

A

microsatellite marker
-DNA between genes
-repeated in di, tri, or tetra units TGTGTG…
polymorphism
-difference in DNA sequence btwn individuals
-ie different # of repeats at a specific locus

35
Q

polymerase chain reaction

A

PCR
amplifies a specific segment of DNA located btwn specific primers
used in forensics
each primer pair amplifies one locus
-good sites have 8 to 16 different lengths of the repeat
-thus 8 to 16 alleles
parentage testing uses 15 different primer pairs
-15 different loci w/ many different alleles

36
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

traits influenced by many genes

37
Q

sex-linked inheritance

A

refers to a gene located on the X or Y chromosome and therefore inherited along w, sex chromosomes

38
Q

x-inactivation

A

one X chromosome in each female cell is silenced
random process that occurs soon after conception
results in both males and females having the same # of X chromosomes

39
Q

sex-limited traits

A

the traits expressed in only one sex (both sexes contain the gene)
eg. milk production - females
cryptochidism - males (lack of testicular descent)

40
Q

qualitative traits

A

(think either/or)
can be classified into groups rather than measured on a continuous scale
-coat color, blood group
-genetic control by alleles of one (or a few) genes
-little environmental modifications to the gene effect

41
Q

quantitative traits

A

continuous on a measuring scale
traits numerically measured
usually controlled by many different genes
envirionmental effect on expression of genetic potential
ex. growth rate, milk production

42
Q

heritability

A

proportion of the difference in individuals that is due to the additive gene effects (NOT environmental)
proportion of phenotypic variation that can be passed to offspring
measure of potential genetic progress that can be made through selection

43
Q

relationship coefficient

A

w/in a population animals may being to share similarities in their genetic composition
proportion of genes two animals have in common is known as their relationship
ex. R
full sibs .5
half sibs .25
1st cousins .125

44
Q

inbreeding

A

breeding closely related individuals
used to “fix” specific alleles at a locus
increases homozygosity of detrimental recessive genes
inbreeding depression

45
Q

line breeding

A

mild inbreeding
breeding related individuals who are removed by greater than one generation
-grand sire + grand daughter, 2nd or 3rd cousins
-need good knowledge of pedigrees to avoid excessive inbreeding

46
Q

out breeding

A

mating less closely related individuals compared to the avg of the population
generates heterosis (hybrid vigor)
- inc. heterozygosity
- superiority of outbred individuals relative to the avg performance of their parents

47
Q

crossbreeding

A

mating animals of different breeds to take advantage of outbreeding (designer breeds)
sometimes called terminal cross b/c F1’s are predictable but F2’s are unpredictable mixture

48
Q

rate of genetic change

A 
how fast will genetic selection have an effect
dependent on:
-accuracy of selection
-intensity of selection
-variation in the population
inversely dependent on 
-generation interval
= (accuracy x intensity x variation)
            generation interval
49
Q

accuracy of selection

A

major influence of heritability

how much is phenotype influenced by genotype

50
Q

selection intensity

A

ex. select top 10% or top 2%

large enough population to select only top animals

51
Q

genetic variation

A

how much better are the best animals?

if little variation, hard to improve

52
Q

generation interval

A

avg age of parents when offspring are born

how long it takes to see results of mating

53
Q

population genetics

A

considers the frequency of phenotypes, genotypes and alleles in the whole population being considered

54
Q

phenotypic frequency

A

frequency of visible phenotypes (red or black)

55
Q

genotypic frequency

A

frequency of allele combination (BB, Bb, bb)

56
Q

allele frequency

A

also called gene frequency

frequency of alleles (B or b)

57
Q

four factors affecting gene frequency in a population

A
  1. selection
  2. mutation
  3. genetic drift
  4. migration
58
Q

selection

A

A. Natural selection - some animals are more likely to be parents than others in a given environment
- general situation in wild animal populations
B. Artificial selection - human selection of breeding animals
- based on managed choices (may involve culling and replacement)

59
Q

mutation

A

generation of new alleles (rare)

60
Q

genetic drift

A

loss of certain alleles from a population over time due to chance (problem in small population)
-bottlenecks inc. genetic drift

61
Q

migration

A

bringing new breeding stock (w/ different gene frequency)

Animal Science 001 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions