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Animal Science 001 > Anatomy and Physiology of Digestion > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology of Digestion Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Digestion

A

physical, chemical, and enzymatic processes that prepare a feedstuff for absorption

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2
Q

physical digestion

A

mastication (chewing)

peristalsis (smooth muscle contraction)

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3
Q

chemical digestion

A

acid (HCl) in stomach or abomasum

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4
Q

enzymatic digestion

A

enzymes to break down chemical bonds
produced in various locations in the GI tract
- mouth, pancreas, small intestine, bacteria in rumen, cecum or colon

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5
Q

types of digestive systems

A

monogastric, avian, ruminant, pseudo-ruminant, hind gut fermentation

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6
Q

monogastric

A

one simple stomach
carnivores - cats, dogs
omnivores - humans, pigs, avian too

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7
Q

herbivore fermentation strategies

A

pregastric, pseudo ruminant, post gastric

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8
Q

ruminant

pre-gastric

A 
"polygastric" 
characteristics
-slower digestion
carbohydrates are fermented to VFAs
-acetate, propionate, butyrate 
VFAs absorbed and transported to liver
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9
Q

acetate

A

2 carbon

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10
Q

propionate

A

3 carbon

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11
Q

butyrate

A

4 carbon

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12
Q

microbial protein

A

high biological value
rumen microbes break down plant protein and make microbial protein
they then pass down digestive tract, die and are digested
major AA source for ruminants

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13
Q

true ruminants

A

4 chambered stomach
rumination
cattle, sheep, goats, deer, buffalo, antelope, gazelles, giraffe

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14
Q

pseudoruminant

A

3 chambered stomach (rumen+reticulum combined also have glandular HCl stomach)
function like a true ruminant
rumination fermentation of CHO to VFAs

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15
Q

post gastric (hind gut) fermentation

A

microbial protein lost in feces

energy obtained from absorption of VFAs

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16
Q

steps of digestion

A

prehension
mastication
salivation
deglutition

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17
Q

prehension

A

bring food into mouth

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18
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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19
Q

salivation

A

salivary gland secretion

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20
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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21
Q

rumination

A

regurgitation
reinsalvation
remastication
redeglutition

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22
Q

mouth

A 
contains organs of:
prehension (teeth tongue)
mastication (teeth jaws)
salivation (salivary glands)
deglutition (palate throat epiglotis)
23
Q

saliva

A

contains:
amylase - starch digestion
bicarbonate - buffering

24
Q

esophagus

A

tube connecting mouth to stomach
function:
-transports ingesta from mouth to stomach
-peristalsis - moves food to stomach
-lower esophageal sphincter - prevents acid reflux

25
Q

stomach

A 
functions:
-mixing and storage
-mucus secretions
-HCl very strong acid environment to denature  proteins and be an acid barrier to microbes
-enzymes
     - lipase - triglyceride
     - pepsin - protein
pyloric sphincter regulates passage of digesta to intestines
26
Q

small intestine

A

major site of enzymatic digestion, absorption, and intestinal juices
many segments
provides surface area for absorption (folds villi microvilli)

27
Q

liver

A

secretion of bile

“detergent” to emulsify fat

28
Q

pancreas

A

secretes:

  • bicarbonate
  • digestive enzymes (lipase, protease, amylase)
29
Q

segments of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

30
Q

duodenum

A

short segment buffers and enzymes enter via bile and pancreatic secretions

31
Q

jejunum

A

main site of absorption

32
Q

ileum

A

connects to large intestine

33
Q

large intestine

A

functions:
-fermentation
-absorption of water, VFAs, minerals, B vitamins
microbial protein lost in feces
some species practice cecotrophy (rabbits)

34
Q

digestion of proteins

A

hydrolyzed to AA by peptidases and absorbed and transported in blood

35
Q

digestion of carbohydrates: monogastrics

A

amylase cleaves starch chains into monosaccharides (glucose) and some disaccharides (maltose)
intestinal disaccharides complete digestion into monosaccharides which can then be absorbed

36
Q

digestion of carbohydrates: ruminants

A

fermentation to VFA

VFA absorbed from rumen into blood

37
Q

digestion of lipids

A

fat and fat soluble vitamins
mostly triglycerids in diet
hydrolyzed to fatty acids monoglycerides
absorbed and reformed into triglycerides
packaged w/ protein complexes “lipoproteins”
transported to bloodstream via lymphatic system @ thoracic duct

38
Q

avian digestive system

A 
monogastric type
enzymatic digestion
no teeth
crop
proventriculus
ventriculus (gizzard)
ceca
cloaca
39
Q

crop

A

esophageal distention which serves to store moisten and soften ingesta

40
Q

proventriculus

A

glandular stomach
HCl and enzymes
ingesta passes thru quickly, little digestion occurs

41
Q

ventriculus (gizzard)

A

stones, grit
particle reduction
b/c no teeth

42
Q

ceca

A

paired structures

fermentation

43
Q

cloaca

A

common opening for digestive and reproductive systems

44
Q

agents of rumen fermentation

A

microbes!

bacteria, protozoa, archea

45
Q

reticulum

A

honeycomb, hardware stomach

ingesta moves freely btwn rumen and reticulum

46
Q

rumen

A

the major fermentation chamber

lined w/ papillae

47
Q

omasum

A

manyplies, dry contents, function not clear

48
Q

abomasum

A 
true or glandular stomach
similar to nonruminant stomach
acid secretion (HCl)
49
Q

esophageal groove

A 
milk fed calves
folds of reticulum which can close to form a tube allowing liquid to bypass the fore stomachs
stimulated by suckling
preruminant stage of life 
similar to monogastrics
50
Q

factors affecting rumen development

A

age, diet, VFA

51
Q

eructation

A

belching

52
Q

rumen stratification

A

top layer = gas
middle layer = fiber mat
bottom layer = liquid

53
Q

vitamin products of rumen fermentation

A

vit K and B

Animal Science 001 (8 decks)

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