Reproduction

Question 1

What is the function of the urethra

Answer 1

The tube which the sperm leave the penis

Question 2

What is the function of the penis

Answer 2

It is the organ that introduces sperm into the vagina

Question 3

What is the function of the scrotum

Answer 3

Sac that holds and protects the testes at slightly lower than body temperature

Question 4

What is the function of the prostate gland

Answer 4

Adds fluid to nourish sperm

Question 5

What is the function of the sperm tube

Answer 5

Carries sperm from testes to the urethra

Question 6

What is the function of the testes

Answer 6

Produces sperm

Question 7

What is a sperm cell?

Answer 7

A haploid male gamete formed by meiosis.

Question 8

How are sperm adapted for their function?

Answer 8

Have a flagellum
Haploid nucleus
Also contain many mitochondria for energy production

Question 9

What is the function of the ovary?

Answer 9

Produces ova

Question 10

What is the function of the cervix?

Answer 10

The opening of the uterus, widens during the process of birth

Question 11

What is the function of the vagina?

Answer 11

The penis places sperm here during sexual intercourse

Question 12

What is the function of the oviduct?

Answer 12

Carries the ova to the uterus, fertilisation takes place here

Question 13

What is the function of the uterus?

Answer 13

Will nourish the developing foetus if pregnancy results.

Question 14

Define ova

Answer 14

Haploid female gamete formed by meiosis

Question 15

Define zygote

Answer 15

The first (diploid) cell of the new individual, following fertilisation.

Question 16

What happens after fertilisation?

Answer 16

Zygote divides by mitosis and grows into a ball of cells (embryo) develops further as is travels down the oviduct
Embryo sinks into thick uterine lining and becomes attached (implantation)
Placenta and umbilical chord form
Amnion develops around embryo, contains amniotic fluid to cushion the developing foetus.
Embryo is referred to as an foetus after a few weeks when it becomes more recognisable as a baby

Question 17

Define implantation

Answer 17

The attachment of the embryo to the uterus lining following fertilisation.

Question 18

Define placenta

Answer 18

The structure that links the uterus wall to the foetus via the umbilical chord. It is here that the exchange of materials take place between mother and foetus

Question 19

How is the surface area between the uterine wall and placenta further increased?

Answer 19

Small villi in the the placenta extend into the uterus wall.

Question 20

What are some characteristics that are produced by testosterone

Answer 20

Sexual organs enlarge
Body and pubic hair grows
Voice deepens and body becomes more muscular
Sexual awareness and drive increases

Question 21

What are some characteristics produced by oestrogen

Answer 21

Sexual organs and breasts enlarge
Pubic hair grows
Pelvis and hips widen
Menstruation begins
Sexual awareness and drive increases

Question 22

What is the menstrual cycle controlled by?

Answer 22

Hormones including
Oestrogen- stimulates ovulation and starts build up and repair of uterine wall after menstruation
Progesterone- continues the build up of the uterine lining after ovulation.

Question 23

When does menstruation occur

Answer 23

When the levels of both oestrogen and progesterone fall at the end of the cycle.

Question 24

What is menstruation

Answer 24

It is the breakdown and removal of the blood-rich uterine lining at the end of each cycle.

Question 25

What problems can cause infertility?

Answer 25

Females unable to produce eggs Blockages in oviducts Sperm unhealthy Not enough sperm Impotence Vagina may be hostile to sperm entering

Question 26

What types of fertility treatments are there

Answer 26

Hormone treatment IVF

Question 27

How does hormone treatment work

Answer 27

Fertility drugs given to female to increase egg production.

Question 28

How does IVF work?

Answer 28

Wine given fertility drugs to release multiple eggs Eggs are collected from ovaries surgically Sperm is mixed with eggs in a Petri dish in a laboratory Several successful embryos are placed in the women’s uterus If the process is successful an embryo will implant in the uterus lining

Question 29

How is fertility treatment controversial

Answer 29

It can raise ethical issues as it is possible to screen embryos to check for abnormalities or for particular characteristics (sex of embryos) before they are placed in a women’s uterus. Concerns that couples may want embryos with desirable qualities.

Question 30

What are arguments in favour of IVF?

Answer 30

Gives an infertile couple the chance to have a child

Question 32

What are arguments against IVF

Answer 32

More embryos produced than used, therefore may be destroyed which raises ethical issues and religious objections. In Britain some of these are used with the parents’ permission for research Expensive

Question 33

What types of contraception are there

Answer 33

Mechanical Chemical Surgical

Question 34

What is the method of mechanical contraception and what are advantages and disadvantages

Answer 34

Male/female condom Barrier that prevents sperm entering vagina Easily obtained protects against STIs however unreliable if not used properly

Question 35

What is the method advantages and disadvantages of chemical contraception

Answer 35

Pill taken regularly by female prevents ovulation by changing hormone level Implant- small tube placed under skin of upper arm releases hormones slowly Very reliable implant can work up to 3 years Does not protect against STIs and may forget to take pill

Question 36

What types of surgical contraception’s are there

Answer 36

Vasectomy and female sterilisation

Question 37

How does a vasectomy work and what are the advantages and disadvantages

Answer 37

Sperm tubes are tied or cut preventing sperm entering penis 100% reliable Difficult or Impossible to reverse

Question 38

How does female sterilisation work and what are the advantages and disadvantages of it

Answer 38

Oviducts are cut preventing fertilisation 100% reliable Difficult or impossible to reverse