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Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

function of the penis

A

organ that passes semen out of the body from the bladder and allows semen to pass into the vagina during sexual intercourse

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2
Q

what cannot happen at the same time in the penis?

A

semen and urine cannot be passed at the same time

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3
Q

function of the bladder

A

stores urine

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4
Q

function of the sperm duct

A

tube through which sperm passes through on its way to the glands before being passed into the urethra for ejaculation

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5
Q

function of the urethra

A

tube running inside the penis that carries the urine or semen. There is a ring of muscle in the urethra that prevents the two from mixing

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6
Q

function of the glands (e.g prostate glands)

A

produce fluid called that will provide the sperm with nutrients such as glucose. the mixture of sperm and this fluid is called semen

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7
Q

function of the testis

A

organs which make the male gamete sperm and also the hormone testosterone

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8
Q

function of the foreskin

A

skin that protects the end of the penis

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9
Q

function of the scrotum

A

a bag of skin that holds the testes outside the body to ensure sperm are kept at a slightly lower temperature than body temp

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10
Q

function of the ovaries

A

produces and contains ova (the female gamete) that mature and develop when hormones are released

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11
Q

fucntion of the oviducts

A

a muscular tube lined with ciliated cells to waft the ovum towards the uterus. it connects the ovaries to the uterus

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12
Q

function of the uterus

A

a muscular bag with a soft lining in which the zygote implants into in order to develop into a foetus , where it will develop until its birth

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13
Q

function of the endometrium

A

the part of the uterus that is shed monthly during a period

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14
Q

function of the cervix

A

a ring of muscle at the end of the uterus that closes it until the baby is ready to be born

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15
Q

function of the vagina

A

a muscular tube leading to the inside of a woman’s body, where man’s penis enters and sperm are deposited in sexual intercourse

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16
Q

function of the clitoris

A

the button shaped bump above the urethra and vagina

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17
Q

function of the urethra

A

the tube through which urine travels out the body on the way to the bladder

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18
Q

function of the vulva

A

the whole area between a female’s legs, including the opening to the vagina, the clitoris and the labia

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19
Q

function of the labia

A

folds of soft skin that cover the openings to the vagina and the urethra

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20
Q

name the four adaptations of a sperm cell

A
  • flagellum/tail
  • midsection
  • acrosome
  • nucleus
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21
Q

sperm adaptations - flagellum/tail

A

allows the sperm to swim to the ovum from testis

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22
Q

sperm adaptations - midesction

A

contains many mitochondria to release energy during respiration

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23
Q

sperm adaptations - acrosome

A

a bag of enzymes that allow the sperm to digest through the protective jelly coating of the ovum

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24
Q

sperm adaptations - nucleus

A

haploid nucleus means that it only has one set of chromosomes so only has 1/2 the genetic material needed to make a zygote

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25
Q

name 4 adaptations of an ovum

A
  • haploid nucleus
  • cell membrane jelly
  • mitochondria
  • cytoplasm
26
Q

ovum adaptations - haploid nucleus

A

contains half the genetic material for fertilisation so that the zygote has a complete set of chromosomes

27
Q

ovum adaptations - cell membrane jelly

A

the cell membrane of the ovum changes after a sperm enters it so that no more sperm can enter the ovum

28
Q

ovum adaptations - cytoplasm

A

the ovum’s cytoplasm contains essential nutrients such as carbohydates and lipids for the growth of the early embryo

29
Q

ovum adaptations - lots of mitochondria

A

the ovum contains lots of mitochondria to release energy for mitosis and cell specialisation

30
Q

what is fertilisation?

A

the fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote

31
Q

what happens after fertilisation has occured?

A
  • the zygote divides by mitosis to develop into an embryo
  • the cells start to become specialised to perform their specific functions and start to form the tissues of the offspring
32
Q

how many chromosomes are in a full set?

A

46 chromosomes - 23 from each parent

33
Q

describe fertilisation in humans

A
  • the penis enters the vagina and semen is ejaculated through the cervix and into the uterus
  • the sperm swim up the uterus and follow a chemical trail that would lead them to the correct oviduct in which the ovum is located
  • a sperm cell digests the coating and enters the egg cell
  • the nuclei fuse and a zygote is produced
34
Q

what is a basic definition of the menstrual cycle?

A

a series of monthly hormonal and physical changes that take place in women once they reach puberty and adolescence

35
Q

how long is the average menstrual cycle?

A

around 28 days

36
Q

at around what day of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur at?

A

day 14

37
Q

function of oestrogen

A
  • inhibits FSH production
  • stimulates LH production
  • however, this only occurs at high concentrations of oestrogen
38
Q

where is oestrogen made?

A

ovaries (follicle)

39
Q

function of progesterone

A
  • thickens and maintains the uterus lining
  • inhibits the release of FSH and LH
40
Q

where is progesterone made?

A

ovaries

41
Q

how do all hormones travel around the body?

A

through the bloodstream to their required organ

42
Q

function of FSH

A
  • stimulates ovaries to release oestrogen
  • stimulates the maturation of a follicle which contains an egg cell
43
Q

where is FSH made?

A

pituitary gland in the brain

44
Q

function of LH

A
  • stimulates follicle to burst and release a mature egg cell = this process is called ovulation
45
Q

describe the menstrual cycle in terms of all 4 main hormones

A
  • the pituitary gland secretes FSH which travels in the blood towards the ovaries
  • the follicle containing the egg is stimulated to mature by FSH and this results in the ovaries releasing oestrogen
  • oestrogen repairs the uterine lining
  • oestrogen travels in the blood and stimulates the release of LH from the pituitary gland
  • the empty follicle is called the corpus luteum and it releases progesterone into the bloodstream
  • the uterine lining is maintained bc of the increased progesterone levels and FSH + LH levels decrease
  • if the egg isn’t fertilised, the corpus luteum breaks down and progesterone levels decrease
  • this allows FSH + LH to be produced so the cycle starts again
46
Q

how is the placenta formed?

A
  • after fertilisation, the zygote undergoes mitosis to form an embryo
  • this embryo implants in the uterine lining and the placenta forms at the site of the implantation
47
Q

what is the function of the placenta?

A

enables the exchange of substances between the mother’s blood and the fetus’s blood, such as nutrients (e.g amino acids, mineral ions and glucose) and removes waste substances from the fetus’s blood such as CO2 or urea

48
Q

what is the function of the umbilical cord?

A

carries fetal blood to and from the placenta

49
Q

how are substances transported between the mum and fetus’s blood?

A
  • the mothers blood and the fetus’s blood never mix, but are in very close proximity to one another
  • this allows for diffusion of substances into either bloodstreams without the mixing of the blood
50
Q
A
51
Q

what substances are transported from the mother to the fetus’s blood?

A
  • oxygen
  • nutrients = glucose, mineral ions, amino acids
  • glucose
  • antibodies
  • unwanted substances = drugs, alcohol, CO from cigarette smoke
52
Q

what substances are transported from the fetus to the mum’s blood supply?

A
  • waste substances = urea, carbon dioxide
53
Q

why is the placenta an efficient exchange surface?

A
  • large surface area for diffusion
  • a thin wall for short diffusion distance
  • prevents most toxins and pathogens from passing through
54
Q

what is the function of the amniotic fluid?

A

fluid contains within the amniotic sac that protects the fetus during its development from physical knocks and bumps

55
Q

what produces amniotic fluid?

A

the amniotic membrane of the sac

56
Q

where does fertilisation occur?

A

in the oviduct

57
Q

what initiates puberty?

A
  • the pituitary gland
  • it releases hormones into the blood
  • these hormones then stimulate the ovaries or testes to produce sex hormones
58
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics?

A
  • the changes that occur during puberty - once sex hormones are starting to be released
  • these are NOT the sexual characteristics we are born with (e.g reproductive organs)
59
Q

what hormone controls the development of secondary sexual characteristics in each gender?

A
  • oestrogen in females (secreted by the ovaries)
  • testosterone in males (secreted by the testes)
60
Q

name 3 secondary sexual characteristics of females

A
  • menstrual cycle starts and ovulation begins
  • hips widen
  • breast develop
61
Q

name 3 secondary sexual characteristics of males

A
  • voices deepen
  • facial hair develops
  • sperm production starts
62
Q

what cause but aren’t an effect of puberty?

A

hormones cause puberty but are not an effect of puberty

Biology (8 decks)

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