Physiology Flashcards
What is the difference between breathing and respiration?
Respiration is a chemical reaction between oxygen and glucose that releases energy, but breathing is the physical process of oxygen moving in and out of the thorax
What are the structures of the thorax involved in breathing?
Nasal passages, pharynx, epiglottis , larynx,trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli,ribs, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, pleural cavity and pleural fluid
What happens to pressure and volume when you inhale?
Pressure decreases and volume increases
What happens to pressure and volume when you exhale?
Pressure increases and volume decreases
What moves when you inhale?
The intercostal muscles move the ribs up and out, the diaphragm is pulled down. This decreases pressure and increases volume in the lungs , so the lungs inflate
What moves when you exhale?
The diaphragm relaxes, the intercostal muscles move the ribs down. This increases pressure and decreases volume in the lungs, so they deflate
What happens when you pull the rubber sheet down in the bell jar model?
Air is sucked in through the the trachea plastic tube and into the balloon lungs which inflate
What happens when you let go of the rubber sheet in the bell jar model?
The air leaves the ballon lungs and out the trachea so they deflate
What are the pros of the bell jar model?
It accurately shows the trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm
What are the cons of the bell jar model?
They cannot show the intercostal muscles moving the ribs up and down
What is the composition of the gasses in the inhaled air?
Oxygen: 21%
Nitrogen: 78%
Carbon dioxide: 0.04%
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Oxygen + Glucose =} carbon dioxide + water
What is the blood made of?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets
What substances are dissolved in the plasma?
Glucose, carbon dioxide, hormones, urea
What is the function of the red blood cells?
To transport oxygen around the body
What is the function of white blood cells? What are the 2 types of white blood cells?
Protect the body from infection, pathogens and disease. There are 2 types of white below cells: lymphocytes and phagocytes. These work together to engulf and destroy pathogens by creating antibodies.
What is the function of the plasma?
Transports waste products
What is the function of the platelets?
Helps the blood clot to form scabs
What are the adaptations of the red blood cells that help it carry oxygen?
Small and flexible to fit through capillaries, no nucleus so that they can have more haemoglobin, haemoglobin a red protein that binds oxygen to the cell. Have a biconcave shape to maximise surface area of absorption.
What is the equation for cardiac output?
CO = HR x SV
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per beat
What is Heart rate?
Beats per minute
Why does heart rate increase during exercise?
Exercise increases heart rate. This is because the heart needs to pump faster to supply more blood so that it can deliver more O2 and glucose to muscle cells and can respire more to release more energy for muscle contraction. More blood supplied to the lungs means that more CO2 can be removed from the blood and more O2 can be delivered into the blood to be used to respire aerobically, so that the body can avoid resorting to anaerobic respiration and produce lactic acid which causes pain in muscles.
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose => lactic acid (+ energy )
What are the 4 functions of the skeleton?
Blood cell production, shape/ structure , protect vital organs and movement
What are the main bones of the skeleton?
Cranium, clavicles, sternum, spine, vertebrae, ribcage, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur, patella, fibula, tibia
What are the types of joints?
Hinge joints and ball-and-socket joints
What is a hinge joint, what movements do they allow and examples?
A joint that only allows movement forwards and backwards, for example, the elbow and knee
What is a ball-and-socket joint, what movements do they allow and examples?
A joint that allows movement in all directions, for example, shoulder and hip
How do antagonistic muscle pairs work?
In an antagonistic muscle pair, as one muscle contracts, the other relaxes. They do this so that when one muscle contracts, it moves the bone and when the same muscle relaxes and the other contracts, then the bone is moved to its original space
What are the main muscles of the body?
Biceps, triceps (both in arm) quadriceps (in frontal thigh) hamstrings (in rear thigh) and calf muscles ( rear of lower leg)
How do muscles help us move? Why do we need antagonistic muscle pairs?
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons and pull on them to move the bone. However, a muscle can only pull on a bone and can’t act to push it back, so we have another muscle to do that.
What is cardiac output measured in?
Cm cubed per minute
What is stroke volume measured in?
Cm cubed
What is heart rate measured in?
Bpm
What are the short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?
Increase in heart rate, increase in breathing rate and depth
What is the composition of gasses in exhaled air?
Oxygen: 17%
Nitrogen: 78%
Carbon dioxide: 4%
Other gasses: 1%
What are the long term effects of excersize to the cardiovascular system?
- With regular exercise, heart rate decreases
- the heart’s size and strength increases over time
- stroke volume increases
Define gas exchange
The taking in of O2 for respiration and excreting CO2 as a waste product
Adaptations of alveoli
- moist walls: gasses dissolve into the moisture which helps them pass through walls more easily
- thin walls: walls are only 1 cell thick so that diffusing gasses can pass in and out of blood stream easily
- good blood supply: covered in capillaries, easier fro gasses to diffuse to bloodstream, maintains concentration gradient needed for respiration
