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Biology > Nature & variety of life > Flashcards

Nature & variety of life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

)What is the mnemonic for life processes?

A

MRS GRENC

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2
Q

What does M stand for?

A

Movement = the ability to move from 1 place to another

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3
Q

What does the first R stand for?

A

respiration = a chemical reaction between oxygen and glucose that releases energy in all cells

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4
Q

What does the S stand for?

A

Sensitivity = the ability for an organism to react to an external stimulus

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5
Q

What does the G stand for?

A

Growth = the increase in size of an organism over a period of time, such as increase in mass or height or increase in number of cells by dividing cells by mitosis

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6
Q

What does the second R stand for?

A

Reproduction = the production of offspring

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7
Q

What does the E stand for?

A

Excretion = The removal of waste produced by the body (e.g sweat, urea)

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8
Q

What does the N stand for?

A

Nutrition = the ability of an organism to obtain food substances to use for carrying out the other life processes

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9
Q

What does the C stand for?

A

Control = the ability for an organism to regulate its internal conditions eg body temperature

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10
Q

What are the levels of organisation?

A

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

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11
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic information of the cell so therefore controls what happens inside it

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12
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of respiration in cells

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell

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14
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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15
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

A space within the cytoplasm that contains cellular sap + helps maintain the structure of the cell

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16
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis

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17
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Rigid wall made of cellulose that provides cell structure and resists changes in pressure within the cell

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18
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • Cell with no nucleus nor any other membrane bound organelles
  • they are often found in unicellular organisms such as bacteria
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19
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • eukaryotic cell = cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • often found in multicellular organisms
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20
Q

How to calculate image size?

A

Actual size x magnification

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21
Q

How do you calculate actual size?

A

Image size / magnification

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22
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

Image size/actual size

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23
Q

How many micrometers in a millimetre?

A

1000

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24
Q

How many micrometers in a centimetre?

A

10,000

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25
Q

How many micrometers in a meter?

A

1,000,000

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26
Q

How to convert very small numbers into standard form?

A

Make the number between 1 and 10 inclusive and then multiply by a negative power of ten.

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27
Q

How to convert very large numbers into standard form?

A

Make the number between 1 and 10 inclusive and then multiply by a positive power of 10

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28
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Where most chemical reactions occur

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29
Q

plant examples

A

Maize, peas, beans

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30
Q

animal examples

A

Mammals, mosquitos, houseflies

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31
Q

protoctist examples

A
  • amoeba = shares features of an animal cell + lives in pond water
  • chlorella = shares features of a plant cell + contains chloroplasts
  • plasmodium = a pathogenic protoctist that causes malaria
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32
Q

Pathogen

A

An organism that causes disease. These include fungi, viruses, bacteria and protoctists

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33
Q

Diffusion

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration down the concentration gradient. This is due to the random movement of particles. It is a passive process that requires no energy.

34
Q

What is the name for when particles are equally spread?

A

Dynamic equilibrium

35
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of particles from an area of low to high concentration up the concentration gradient. It is an active process and requires energy from respiration in cells to occur

36
Q

Osmosis

A

The net movement of water molecules from an area of high to low water potential across a partially permeable membrane.

37
Q

Dilute solution

A

A solution that has a low concentration of solute and high water potential

38
Q

Concentrated solution

A

A solution with high concentration of solute and low water potential

39
Q

Partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane that is permeable to only some particles

40
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Plants, animals, fungi, protoctists and bacteria

41
Q

Which kingdoms are eukaryotic?

A

Plants, animals, fungi and protoctist

42
Q

What kingdom is prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria

43
Q

How does increasing the S-V ratio affect rate cellular processes occurring?

A
  • smaller things have a higher surface area to volume ratio
  • more surface area for particles to travel across= more particles can travel = faster rate of transport
44
Q

How does decreasing the diffusion pathway affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  • shorter distance for particles to travel = same amt of particles can pass through in a shorter amount of time = faster rate of diffusion
45
Q

How does increasing temperature affect the rate of cellular processes occurring?

A
  • increase in temperature = increase in kinetic energy = particles can travel faster = increased rate of transport
46
Q

How does increasing the concentration gradient affect the rate of cellular processes occurring?

A
  • increase in concentration gradient = greater difference between LC and HC that particles must make equal = quicker rate of transport
47
Q

How does size of particles affect the rate at which cellular processes occur?

A

As size of particles decreases, rate of cellular processes occurring increases as this means that they are more likely to pass through the holes of cell membrane

48
Q

Hypertonic solution (osmosis)

A

A hypotonic solution is a solution that has a higher concentration of solute and lower water potential compared to that of the cell

49
Q

Hypotonic solution (osmosis)

A

A hypotonic solution is a solution that has a higher water potential and lower solute concentration compared to that of the cell

50
Q

Isotonic solution

A

A solution in which water potential and solute concentration are equal to that of the cell

51
Q

What happens to plant + animal cells in a hypotonic solution?

A
  • in hypotonic solutions, water will travel into the cell, down its conc gradient
  • for plant cells, this means that the cell will become TURGID and the cell membrane + vacuole will push against the cell wall
  • for animal cells, this means that the cell will swell up and may burst called LYSIS
52
Q

What happens to plant and animal cells in a hypertonic solution?

A
  • water will move out of the cell, down the conc gradient via osmosis
  • for plants cells, the vacuole will shrink and become FLACCID and eventually PLASMOLYSED and the cell membrane will pull way from the cell wall completely
  • for animal cells, they will shrink completely and CREANTION will occur
53
Q

Plants - multicellular or unicellular?

A

Multicellular

54
Q

Plants - do they contain chloroplasts?

A

Yes, they contain chloroplasts so therefore can carry out photosynthesis

55
Q

Plants - what are their cell walls made from?

A

Cellulose

56
Q

Plants - what’s their way of storing carbohydrates?

A

Stored as starch or sucrose

57
Q

Animals - unicellular or multicellular?

A

Multicellular

58
Q

Animals - do they contain chloroplasts?

A

No, therefore don’t carry out photosynthesis

59
Q

Animals - do they have cell walls?

A

No

60
Q

Animals - do they have nervous coordination?

A

They usually have nervous coordination and can move from one place to another

61
Q

Animals - how do they store carbohydrates?

A

As glycogen

62
Q

Fungi - do they photosynthesise?

A

No, as they don’t contain chloroplasts

63
Q

Fungi - describe their structure

A

Their body is usually organised into a mycelium, which is made from thread-like structures called hyphae, which contain many nuclei

64
Q

Fungi - unicellular or multicellular?

A

Some examples are multicellular and some are unicellular

65
Q

Fungi - do they contain cell walls?

A

Yes, made of chitin

66
Q

Fungi - how do they feed?

A

Fungi feed by saprotrophic nutrition. They secrete extracellular enzymes directly onto their food and then reabsorb the small organic molecules to use for respiration

67
Q

Fungi - how do they store carbohydrates?

A

As glycogen

68
Q

Protoctists - multicellular or unicellular?

A

Microscopic unicellular organisms

69
Q

Protoctists - describe the structure of the amoeba and chlorella

A
  • amoeba = share features with an animal cell and live in pond water
  • chlorella = share features with plants
70
Q

Protoctists - what is a pathogenic example of one?

A

Plasmodium, which causes malaria

71
Q

Bacteria - unicellular or multicellular?

A

Microscopic unicellular organisms

72
Q

Bacteria- describe their structure

A

Contain a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and plasmids. They don’t have a nucleus, but have a circular chromosome of DNA

73
Q

Bacteria - do they photosynthesise?

A

Some bacteria photosynthesise, but most feed off of other living organisms dead organisms

74
Q

Bacteria - describe some examples

A
  • Lactobacillus bulgaricus, rod-shaped bacterium used in the production of yogurt from milk
  • pneumococcus, spherical bacterium that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia
75
Q

Viruses - what is their size relative to some of the other kingdoms?

A

They are very small particles, smaller than bacteria

76
Q

Viruses - how do they reproduce?

A

They are parasitic and can only reproduce in other living cells. They can infect every type of living organism.

77
Q

Viruses - describe their structure

A

They have a wide variety of shapes and sizes. They have no cellular structure but have a protein coat and contain one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA

78
Q

Viruses - describe some examples

A
  • tobacco mosaic virus = prevents formation of chloroplast in tobacco leaves, causing discolouration in them
  • influenza virus = causes the ‘flu’
  • HIV virus = causes AIDS
79
Q

Why are viruses not part of the 5 kingdoms?

A

They are not living organisms - they don’t carry out all of MRS GRENC

80
Q

Fungi - describe some examples

A
  • mucor = follows the typical fungal hyphae structure
  • yeast = unicellular
81
Q

Bacteria - what are their cell walls made of?

A

Murein

Biology (6 decks)

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