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Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define reproduction

A

Formation of offspring

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of reproduction?

A

Sexual and asexual reproduction

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of sexual reproduction?

A

Two parents, sex cells called gametes are involved, genetic material from both parents are fused to create a genetically varied offspring

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of asexual reproduction?

A

One parent, no gametes are involved, offspring is genetically identical to parent so is a clone

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5
Q

Define fertilisation

A

The process of the nuclei of a sperm cell and egg cell (male and female gametes) fusing together

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6
Q

Define gamete

A

A sex cell

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7
Q

Female gamete

A

Egg cell or ovum

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8
Q

The after fertilisation, the egg cell becomes a…

A

Zygote ( a fertilised egg cell )

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9
Q

Function of penis

A

Male organ which passes semen and urine out of the man’ s body, but not at the same time

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10
Q

Function of bladder

A

Stores urine

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11
Q

Function of sperm duct

A

Tube through which sperm travel on the way to glands

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12
Q

Urethra (in males)

A

The tube in the penis that carries urine or semen, though these can’t be passed at the same time as there is a ring of muscle that prevents this

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13
Q

Glands

A

Produce fluid that provide nutrients for the sperm to swim to the egg. This new liquid that is created is called semen

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14
Q

Testis

A

The organ in the male body that creates the male gamete (sperm) and makes the hormone testosterone

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15
Q

Foreskin

A

The skin that covers the tip of the penis

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16
Q

Scrotum

A

The bag of skin that holds the testis at a lower temperature outside of the body for improved sperm production

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17
Q

Ovary

A

Produces the female gamete and the hormone oestrogen

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18
Q

Oviduct

A

One of two tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus

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19
Q

Uterus

A

A muscular bag in which a baby develops during gestation until birth

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20
Q

Lining of uterus

A

The part of the uterus that is shed during a period

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21
Q

Cervix

A

The ring of muscle at the end of the uterus that closes the uterus until a baby is ready to be born

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22
Q

Vagina

A

A muscular tube that leads from the cervix to the outside of the woman’s body

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23
Q

Urethra (in females)

A

The tube through which urine travels out of the body from the bladder

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24
Q

What is the scientific name for identical twins?

A

Monozygotic twins

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25
Q

How are monozygotic twins formed?

A

One egg is released from the ovary and one sperm fertilises it. The zygote divides into two embryos of identical DNA which develop into 2 identical foetuses

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26
Q

What is the scientific name for non-identical twins?

A

Dizygotic twins

27
Q

How are dizygotic twins formed?

A

Two eggs are released from the ovary at the same time and these eggs are both fertilised by 2 separate sperm cells

28
Q

Why identical twins called monozygotic twins?

A

They have formed from one zygote that has separated into 2 embryos of identical DNA which have developed into 2 identical fetuses. The nucleus of the original zygote has split in half to make 2 identical nuclei with the same genetic makeup in the embryos

29
Q

Why are non-identical twins called dizygotic twins?

A

They are 2 different eggs and have been fertilised by 2 different sperm, so therefore have different genetic information so aren’t identical. The zygotes implant seperately. They are of either same or different gender.

30
Q

Adolescence

A

The period of life between child and adulthood

31
Q

Puberty

A

The physical and emotional changes that take place during adolescence to become sexually mature

32
Q

What causes the changes in puberty?

A

Hormones

33
Q

What hormones cause the changes in puberty (secondary sexual characteristics)?

A

Oestrogen for females that is produced by the ovaries
Testosterone for males that’s produces by the testes

34
Q

What are the male secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Growth spurt, pubic hair growth, voice deepens/breaks, tested start to make sperm, shoulders broaden, sexual organs get bigger

35
Q

What are the female secondary sexual characteristics?

A

breast growth, ovaries start to release eggs, hips widen, periods start

36
Q

What is the typical age range for puberty?

A

11-16yrs old for girls
13-15yrs fro boys

37
Q

How long is the process of menstruation?

A

5 days

38
Q

What happens in the first 1-5 days of the menstrual cycle?

A

The bleeding or break down of the uterus lining.

39
Q

Why is there bleeding during the menstrual cycle?

A

Progesterone is responsible for the maintenance and breakdown of the uterus lining. When progesterone levels are high, the uterus is maintained for the 2nd half of the month for a possible pregnancy. When they are low, the uterus lining is broken down and the blood vessels break

40
Q

What are the stages of development for a baby?

A

Unfertilised egg, zygote, embryo, foetus, baby

41
Q

What are the adaptations of the sperm cells?

A

Flagellum for swimming to egg, lots of mitochondria to respire to release energy for swimming to egg, nucleus containing half the genetic material from father, head with enzymes in the end of the head to digest the coat of the egg

42
Q

Adaptations of the female gamete

A

Lots of mitochondria for respiration, cytoplasm contains nutrients for early embryo, has a nucleus to contain half the genetic material from mother
Jelly coat which only one sperm can penetrate

43
Q

What happens on days 6-13 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining gets thicker from a gradual increase in the hormone progesterone

44
Q

what happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation- when the ovaries release an egg

45
Q

What happens on days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining of the uterus is maintained in case of a pregnancy because of sustained progesterone levels

46
Q

How does the sperm fertilise the egg?

A

The sperm cell leaves testis and goes through the sperm duct to the glands where it mixes with a fluid that provides it with nutrients to create the substance semen. The semen leaves the glands through the urethra and it ejaculated into the vagina, from there the sperm have to travel through the cervix into the uterus then through one of two oviducts. Once the egg has been located, the sperm will swarm around it, trying to pierce the jelly coating. Once one pierces the coating, a new membrane is formed around the egg to prevent any further entry of sperm. Fertilisation occurs and the nuclei of the egg and sperm fuse to form a zygote.

47
Q

What is gestation?

A

The period of time between fertilisation and birth

48
Q

How long does gestation last for?

A

9 months or 40 weeks

49
Q

What structures are formed during pregnancy?

A

The placenta, amniotic fluid, amniotic sac and umbilical cord

50
Q

Placenta

A

Allows the transfer of substances between mother and fetus via diffusion. Substances such as oxygen and glucose are transferred from mother to fetus for respiration and waste substances such as carbon dioxide and urea are transferred from fetus to mother and travel via umbilical cord

51
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Transports substances to and from foetus which goes through the placenta and diffuses to the mother’s circulatory system. Substances such as oxygen and glucose are given to fetus for respiration and waste products such as CO2 and urea are removed

52
Q

Amniotic sac and amniotic fluid

A

Protects the fetus from physical bumps and temperature fluctuations

53
Q

How are the mother and foetus blood prevented from mixing?

A

The placenta has a microscopic gap between the wall of the uterus to prevent the mixing of blood and diffusion of harming substances

54
Q

What are the 3 parts of birth?

A

Dilation of the cervix, labour and the afterbirth

55
Q

What is the dilation of the cervix?

A

When the cervix has opened wide enough for the baby’s head to crown or come out.

56
Q

What is labour?

A

When the muscles in the wall of the uterus contract to push the baby out

57
Q

What is the afterbirth?

A

Further muscle contractions to push the placenta out after the baby has been born.

58
Q

How do you calculate image size?

A

Image size = actual size x magnification

59
Q

How do you calculate actual size?

A

Image size/ magnification

60
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

Image size/ actual size

61
Q

How many nanometers in a micrometer?

A

1000

62
Q

How many micrometers in a millimetre?

A

1000

63
Q

How many micrometers in a centimetre?

A

10,000

64
Q

How many micrometers in a metre?

A

1,000,000

Biology (7 decks)

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