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Biology > Breathing and Respiration > Flashcards

Breathing and Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Order of levels of organisation

A

Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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2
Q

What is ATP?

A

Chemical produced in respiration that acts as an energy ‘currency’.

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3
Q

ATP full name

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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4
Q

What processes use ATP? Give 4 examples

A
  • ATP is used up by any process that requires an energy supply
  • some examples include = muscle contraction, active transport, mitosis, and forming new molecules such as proteins in the ribosomes
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5
Q

Word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen + glucose => carbon dioxide + water

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6
Q

Balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 => 6CO2 + 6H2O

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7
Q

Anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi equation

A

Glucose => carbon dioxide + ethanol

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8
Q

Anaerobic respiration for animals word equation

A

Glucose => lactic acid

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9
Q

Describe the germinating seeds experiment

A
  • 2 bottles of seeds are kept- one boiled and one germinating and they both have thermometers in them
  • the one that is germinating has a higher temperature on the thermometer than the boiled seeds
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10
Q

Explain the reason why the temp was higher in the germinating seeds than the boiled ones

A

The germinating seeds were alive. This means that they were respiring so therefore heat was produced. However the boiled seeds are dead, meaning that they weren’t respiring. This meant that the temperature would remain the same.

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11
Q

What was the purpose of having boiled seeds?

A

Boiled seeds were kept as a control to compare the results and show that the results changed because of the independent variable

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12
Q

Describe the yeast experiment

A
  • yeast in a sugar solution was kept in a test tube + liquid paraffin was floating on top of the yeast solution
  • attached to the yeast test tube was a test tube containing limewater /hydrogen carbonate indicator
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13
Q

Explain the results of the yeast experiment

A

The liquid paraffin layer prevents the entry of oxygen to the yeast. This forces the yeast to respire anaerobically. The yeast will produce CO2 and ethanol. The co2 will bubble through the paraffin and will transfer into the limewater/ hydrogen carbonate indicator. The limewater will go cloudy or the hydrogen carbonate solution will turn yellow in the presence of CO2.

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14
Q

What colour does hydrogen carbonate indicator turn when co2 levels are higher than atmospheric?

A

Yellow

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15
Q

What colour does hydrogen carbonate indicator turn when co2 levels are same as atmospheric?

A

Red

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16
Q

What colour does hydrogen carbonate indicator turn when co2 levels are lower than atmospheric?

A

Purple

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17
Q

Describe the breathing and exercise experiment

A
  • C = intensity of exercise (step ups) as no, gentle and intense exercise (steps ups for 30s & 60s respectively)
  • O = 1 13yr old girl (human)
  • R = 3 repeats at each intensity to improve the reliability and accuracy
  • M = breathing rate over 1 min by counting no. of breaths/ min manually
  • S = control variables : type of exercise, temp, fitness level, no medical condition affecting breathing rate
18
Q

Explain diffusion in gas exchange in alveoli

A
  • air w/ oxygen in it enters alveolus so there’s a high conc. in the alveolus and low conc. in blood
  • so oxygen will diffuse into blood
  • deoxygenated blood w/ co2 in will pass through the capillaries near alveolus so there’s a high conc. in blood and low in alveolus
  • so co2 will diffuse out of the blood and will be exhaled
19
Q

How does the alveoli maintain a high concentration gradient between the blood and the alveoli?

A

ventilation and rich blood supply

20
Q

What is the net exchange of gasses dependent on?

A
  • the net exchange of gasses is dependent on how much light is available
  • this is because respiration occurs 24/7 so oxygen enters the leaf and co2 exits it
  • however photosynthesis only happens when light is present so co2 enters and oxygen exits the leaf
21
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Breathing or ventilation is the physical process of air moving into and out of the thorax

22
Q

What muscles in the thorax are involved in ventilation?

A

Diaphragm and the intercostal muscles

23
Q

What happens to thorax in inhalation (physically and w/ pressure + volume)?

A
  • intercostal muscles contract and move the rib cage up and out
  • the diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • this causes pressure to decrease and volume to increase so air is drawn into the lungs
  • lungs inflate
24
Q

What happens to thorax in exhalation (physically and w/ pressure + volume)?

A
  • intercostal muscles relax and move the rib cage down and in
  • the diaphragm relaxes and domes
  • this causes pressure to increase and volume to decrease and air rushes out of the thorax as pressure in the thorax is higher than outside it
  • lungs deflate
25
Q

How does smoking cause chest infections and bronchitis?

A
  • tar in cigars damages cilia
  • paralyses the cilia = they can’t beat rhythmically to waft the mucus away from the lungs which causes a mucus buildup
  • smoke can irritate airways causing goblet cells to secrete more mucus causing smokers cough, chest infections and bronchitis
26
Q

How does smoking cause emphysema?

A
  • smoke breaks down the walls of the alveoli so that they fuse together into one irregular large space
  • less oxygen diffuses into blood as the surface area of the alveoli has decreased dramatically
  • this causes fatigue and breathlessness
27
Q

How does smoking cause lung cancer?

A
  • caused by smoke containing carcinogens such as tar, nicotine and CO
  • the carcinogens mutate the DNA and cause it to replicate uncontrollably until a tumour is created
  • this reduces the lungs’ capacity to diffuse oxygen into the blood
28
Q

How does smoking cause CO poisoning?

A
  • carbon monoxide can be found in cigarette smoke
  • CO reduces the blood’s capacity to transport O2 around the body
  • CO binds to the haemoglobin more readily then O2 does
  • irreversibly forms carboxyhemoglobin so less oxygen is transported around the body
29
Q

How does smoking affect the circulatory system?

A
  • smoke contains carcinogenic chemicals such as nicotine
  • nicotine is an addictive substance that narrows blood vessels and increases blood pressure
  • high blood pressure damages the arteries and causes a fatty deposit to build up in damaged areas
  • this can clog the arteries and therefore cause coronary heart disease
30
Q

Method for the breathing rate experiment

A
  1. Measure number of breaths per minute at resting
  2. Do exercise for specified amount of time
  3. Measure number of breaths per minute directly after exercising every minute until they reach normal
  4. Repeat 3 times overall (e.g. = 0s, 30, 60s of steps-ups)
31
Q

What is the oxygen debt?

A

Volume of oxygen required to completely oxidise the lactic acid produced in anaerobic respiration

32
Q

Aerobic respiration- does it use oxygen?

A

Yes, as it’s a chemical reaction between oxygen and glucose that releases energy all cells

33
Q

Aerobic respiration - what are its products?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

34
Q

Aerobic respiration - does it release more or less ATP than anaerobic?

A

It releases more ATP than anaerobic as the glucose is completely oxidised here.

35
Q

Alveoli have thin walls - how thin are they + why does this help in gas exchange?

A
  • walls of alveoli are only one cell thick
  • this provides a shorter diffusion distance for gasses, and increases rate of diffusion
36
Q

Alveoli have a rich blood supply - what type of blood vessel are they covered in + how does this help with gas exchange?

A
  • they are covered in many capillaries
  • allows oxygenated blood to be taken away from alveoli and deoxygenated blood to come towards them
  • this maintains a high concentration gradient
37
Q

Alveoli have a large surface area - how does this help them with gas exchange?

A
  • there are millions of alveoli in the lungs meaning that they have a large SA
  • this means that a larger volume of gasses can diffuse into and out of the blood at one time
38
Q

Leaves are broad - how does this help them with gas exchange?

A

Allows for a large surface area of diffusion for gasses

39
Q

Leaves are thin - how does this help them with gas exchange?

A

Allows for a shorter diffusion distance for gasses

40
Q

Leaves have lots of stomata - how does this help with diffusion?

A

Increases surface area and entry points for gasses and guard cells open and close them to prevent water loss

Biology (7 decks)

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