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ANS102 > REPRODUCTION > Flashcards

REPRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

why is sex the used method of reproduction

A
  • produces less offspring, but far more genetic diversity
  • populations are better suited to persist in the face of pressures
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2
Q

what is gametogenesis

A

the process of gender being selected by combination and randomization

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3
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis

A
  • producing haploid gametes (half chromosomes) so that may join to have half and half genetic info
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4
Q

what is fertilisation

A

the combination of chromosomes and genes of two haploid gametes

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5
Q

explain the haplo-diploid life cycle

helps to draw it out

A
  1. mature individual produces sperm or eggs = spermatogenesis and oogenesis
    EMBRYOGENESIS:
  2. fertilization occurs
  3. cleavage/mitosis for growth
  4. gastrulation (sphere of cells)
  5. neurulation
  6. organogenesis - develop organ
  7. cytodifferentiation - specialised cells (blood)
  8. individual life, growth then maturation
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6
Q

how is sex determined

A
  • chromosome/genetically determined XY and XX
  • environmentally - temperatures in oviparous reptiles (turtles)
  • hormones
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7
Q

What is the SRY gene

A

a single gene on the Y chromosome that dtermines maleness, causes fetal gonad to develop into testis when switched on

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8
Q

What is DHT

A
  • dihydrotestosterone
  • causes androgenic effects where the concentrations of testosterone are too low to be effective, must be
  • would result in a female phentoype if male were lacking the enzyme 5-alpha reductase
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9
Q

what is androgen insensitivity syndrome

A
  • androgens are present but receptor is faulty so female phenotype occurs but is weak. some features missing - cervix
  • causes undescended testes
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10
Q

What is hermaphordite

A
  • one gender, but switches gender at some point in its life

Protandry = male then female
protogyny = female then male

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11
Q

what is intersex

A

genotype, phenotype or hormones that are both male and female related at the same time

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12
Q

explain sperm development

draw and label

A
  1. spermatogenesis = meiosis to form spermatid
  2. spermiogenesis = maturation of spermatic to sperm.
    - Acrosomal vesicle releases conttents to digest materials around egg
  3. Capacitance of sperm - remove cell surface
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13
Q

explain egg development

A
  1. Oogenesis - meiosis and cellular maturation
    starts and stops during foetal development
  2. Resumes at puberty
    - maturation creates large cell
  3. ovarian follicle and protective coverings form to completely maturation
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14
Q

differences between male and female gamete production

A

male:
- some mitotic proliferation early
- meiosis starts at puberty and continues for life
- many more devisions
- products of meiosis are all the same
- no male menopause
female:
- lots of germ cell proliferation in fetal life
- meiosis starts in fetus, suspends, then begins at puberty
- born with all germ cells they can use
- meiosis unequal: 1 large oocyte and 3 small residual polar bodies?
- menopause

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15
Q

adaptations of reproduction in each sex

A

male: fast swimming sperm, not picky about mate, many sperm
female: few gametes so is picky about mate

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16
Q

intra vs intersexual competition

A

intra: same sex competing - causes different phenotypes to appear more attractive
inter: between different sexes - trying to get a mate

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17
Q

what is a vomeronasal organ

A
  • can detect when a mate is breeding ready
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18
Q

primary and accessory glands of males

A

primary sex organ = testes
accessory glands = complex set of ducts and tubules from testes to penis
organ of copulation = penis

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19
Q

What are the functions of the testes

A
  1. sperm production
  2. secrete hormone testosterone
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20
Q

explain the structure of testes

A
  • tunica albuginea projects internally into testes to form septa
  • septa divide into 250 lobules
  • each lobule contains 4 convoluted seminiferous tubules
  • seminiferous tubules contain sustentacular cells (do NOT divide, form a blood- testis barrier), and dividing germ cells to form sperm
21
Q

why is the blood-testis barrier required?

A
  • to stop anti-sperm antibodies forming in blood and destruction of sperm cells
22
Q

draw and label a testes

A
  • ductus deferens
  • efferent ductule
  • epididymis
  • seminiferous tubule
  • septum
  • lobule
  • tunica albuginea
  • tunica vaginalis (visceral vs parietal)
  • spermatic cord
23
Q

what is the scrotum

A
  • skin covered sac that houses testes
  • keeps testes cool (3° below body temp)
24
Q

What does the spermatic cord consist of

A
  • originates at the inguinal canal
    1. testicular artery
    2. pampiniform plexus- veins that surround artery
    3. cremaster muscles and fascia - muscles that raise and drop testes to change temperature
    4. autonomic nerves - connect to testes
25
Q

name and role of ducts in male repro system

A
  • rete testes -> move sperm into epididymis
  • efferent ductules - absorb fluids from sperm
  • epididymis - transport sperm from testes to the vas deferens, store sperm, matures sperm
  • ductus deferens - transport sperm to urethra
  • ejaculatory duct - adds secretions, deliver sperm into urethra
  • urethra - excretion of sperm
26
Q

draw and label male reproductive system

A
  • urinary bladder
  • ureter
  • testis
  • epididymis
  • ductus deferns
  • seminal vesicle - produce seminal fluids
  • prostate gland - more seminal fluids for semen
  • bulbourethral gland - more seminal fluids, mucin for lubrication
  • corpus cavernosum - outer lining of penis/urethra
  • corpus spongiosum - inner lining of penis/urethra
  • glans - end of penis (prepuce = foreskin on top)
    ejaculatory duct
27
Q

what does the ductus deferens do

A

travels with spermatic cord
- during ejac, peristalsis of smooth muscle in walls will propel sperm along

28
Q

what do seminal fluids do

A
  • nourish sperm and neutralise pH of vagina
29
Q

functions of the penis

A
  1. intercourse
  2. urination
30
Q

what are the 3 erectile bodies of the penis

A
  1. 2 corpus cavernosum
  2. 1 corpus spongiosum
  3. spongy urethra
31
Q

how does an erection occur

A
  • erectile bodies have venous spaces which fill with blood from artery
32
Q

how does ejaculation occur

A
  • rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles of urethra and ductus deferens
  • sphincter of bladder closes
33
Q

what are the functions of the female reproductive system?

A
  • produce an ovum
  • facilitate transport of sperm to ova
  • provide nourishment for developing embryo
  • provide passage for birth
  • provide nourishment for young
34
Q

What are some reproductive homologues between males and females

A
  • testes and ovaries poduce gametes and sex hormones
  • clitoris and glans are stimulates for arousal and sexual climax
  • labia major and scrotum are both protective coverings of repro surfaces
  • vestibular glands and bulbourethral glands - secrete mucin for lubrication
35
Q

organ and accessory organs of female

A

primary organ = ovaries
accessory organs:
- uterine tubules
- uterus
- vagina
- clitoris
- mammary glands

36
Q

explain structure of an ovary

A
  • surrounded by connective tissue capsule called tunica albuginea
  • under this layer, ovary divided into outer cortex and medulla
  • cortex contains ovarian follicles and medulla contains connective tissues (blood vessels, nerves etc)
37
Q

what are ovarian follicles

A
  • consist of an oocyte and follicle cells
  • release egg for fertlisation after maturaton
38
Q

explain structure of the uterine/oviduct/fallopian tube

A

many regions
1. fimbrae on end of 2 to catch egg from ovary
2. infundibulum
3. apulla - expanded region, where fertilisation occurs
4. isthmus - attachment to uterus area beginning

39
Q

what are the 3 wall layers of the uterine tubes

A
  1. mucosa = (innermost) ciliated epithelial cells
  2. muscularis = inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
  3. serosa - external serous membrane covering tube
40
Q

explain the process of fertilisation to zygote

A
  1. sperm enters uterine tube
  2. sperm and egg undergo zona reaction and oocyte granules released
  3. sperm enters oocyte cytoplasm
  4. fusion and zygote produced
41
Q

where does the zygote implant

A

in the uterus’ endometrium layer

42
Q

what are the layers of the uterus

A
  • muscular wall = myometrium
  • external serous membrane - perimetrium
  • internal vascular epithelium - endometrium?
43
Q

label female reproductive system

A
  • uterine tube -> infindibulum, ampulla, isthimus, frimbriae
  • ovary
  • uterus -> endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium
  • cervix + cervical canal
  • vagina
    ovarian ligament
  • uterine artery
  • vaginal orifice
44
Q

label female repro anatomy in other animals

A
  • uterine horn
  • ovary
  • bladder (usually larger)
  • uterus (smaller)
  • uterine tube/oviduct
  • cervix (quite long)
  • vagina
  • urethra
  • mesometrium (thin layer)
45
Q

what is included in vulva (external)

A

labia majora (outside)
labia minora (inside)
vestibule
clitoris
urethra and vaginal orifice

46
Q

what are some ectopic implantation sites

A
  • uterine tube
  • cervical opening of uterus
  • ovary
  • peritoneal lining (near organs)
47
Q

explain the structure of a growing egg

A

four layers in amniotes:
1. chorion = outermost layer for gas exchange
2. amnion = surrounds embryo - fluid filled to cushion and for osmoreg
3. allantois = collects nitrogenous wastes
4. yolk = provides nutrition for growth

  • albumen = fluid between shell and embryo, provides water and some nutrients for development, and protects against bacteria entering embryo
  • shell
48
Q

what is partuition?

A

birth
- contractions of smooth muscle of uterus

ANS102 (15 decks)

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