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ANS102 > HAEMOTOLOGY > Flashcards

HAEMOTOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major components of the immune systems

A
  1. receptors and defence molecules
  2. immune cells
  3. specialised organs and tissues
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2
Q

define the two immune systems

A
  1. innate
    inborn defence mechanisms that are found in all classes of animals
  2. Adaptive
    acquired immune defences that are unique to vertebrates and generated (memory)
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3
Q

what are leukocytes

A

white blood cells (specialised immune cells)

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4
Q

What are the two subdivisions of identification based on appearance and what they include

A
  1. Agranular (mononuclear cells)
    - T cell, B cell and NK cells are LYMPHOCYTES
    - Monocytes
  2. Granular
    - Basophil, Eosinophil and Neutrophil
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5
Q

What are the two subdivisions of identification based on immune systems and what they include

A

Innate cells:
- basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil
- monocyte and NK cells
Adaptive cells:
- T cells
- B cells

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6
Q

compare and contrast innate and adaptive cells

A

innate:
- many types of recognition receptors on each cell
- each receptor coded for by a single gene
- cells are present from birth
- recognise mainly microbial cells (not self)
Adaptive:
- one type recognition each cell (unique)
- receptors assembled from multiple gene fragments (shugfling)
- formed after birth
- recognise all antigens (non and self)

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7
Q

What are haematopoietic stem cells

A

specialise into leukocytes - found in bone marrow

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8
Q

what types of cells do haematopoietic stem cells give rise to?

A
  1. Lymphoid progenitor cells
  2. myeloid progenitor cells
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9
Q

what cells do Lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to

A

T cells, B cells and NK cells
(lymphocytes)

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10
Q

what cells do myeloid progenitor cells give rise to

A

myeloid cells:
- monocytes
- basophils
- eosinophil
- neutrophil

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11
Q

final destination of granulocytes

A

move from blood into tissues (includes Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophils)
- also includes mast cells but unknown where they originate from

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12
Q

final destination of monocytes and NK cells

A

monocytes start in blood, move to tissues and mature to become macrophages or denritic cells

NK cells start in blood, move to tissues and form granules

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13
Q

functions of the innate immune cells

A
  1. phagocytosis -monocytes, basophils, neutrophils, Dendritic cells
  2. granule release - nuetrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, NK cells
  3. target cell killing - NK cells
  4. Triggering inflammation - macrophages
  5. Antigen presentation - macrophages + dendritic cells
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14
Q

monocytes vs macrophages

A

both white blood cells
- monocytes are blood defence
- macrophages are tissue defence

monocyte becomes macrophage in tissues
- macrophages engulf pathogens via phagocytosis and pinocystosis and destroy them with toxic vesicles

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15
Q

what are neutrophils and what’s special about them

A
  • a white blood cell -> a granulocyte, a phagocyte
  • highly efficient at engulfing and killing pathogens but only short lived (72hrs)
  • make up majority of white blood cells
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16
Q

how do neutrophils work

A
  • recruted to infected tissues
  • hunt down microbes as they are drawn to molecules that bacteria release
  • ingest cells and release enzymes to break down
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17
Q

what is degranulation and what is it used for

A
  • granulocytes release their granules
  • used to attack cells or create DNA net to trap bacteria (neutrophils)
18
Q

where do T and B cells mature?

A

in specialised immune organs
t cells mature in thymus
b cells in bone marrow

19
Q

What are the steps of T and B cell maturation?

A
  1. rearrange gene segments (random combinations) to make unique antigen receptor
  2. test unique antigen receptors (do they work?
  3. remove any cells with self-reactive receptors (reaction to bodies cells)
20
Q

what is a mature t or b cell called

A

naive lymphocytes

21
Q

what s the final destination of naive lymphocytes (t cells and B cells)

A

both move between blood and lymph nodes/spleen, never stay one spot forever

22
Q

what are the primary vs secondary immune organs?

A

Primary:
- Thymus
- Bone Marrow
Secondary:
- Spleen
- peyer’s patch in intestine
- appendix
- lymph nodes

23
Q

what type of defence do t cells and b cells provide

A

t cells = cell-mediated immunity
b cells = antibody-mediated immunity

24
Q

where are naive lymphocytes (t + b) activated?

A

secondary lymphoid regions (spleen and lymph nodes)

25
Q

functions of lymphatic system

A
  • maintnance of blood volume
  • filtration of foreign materials
  • development/maturation of lymphocytes
  • initiation of specific immune responses
26
Q

components of lymphatic system

A
  • lymph
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphoid organs
  • lymphoid cells
27
Q

what do lymphatic vessles do

A
  • transport interstitial fluid (lymph) from the tissues (escaped from blood) back into the blood
  • drain 3-4L a day
28
Q

what is lymph composed of

A
  • interstitial fluid
  • solutes
  • lipids
  • foreign materials
  • immune cells
29
Q

why does lymph build up?

A

blood transported under pressure, through vessels. Vessels are porous to allow O2 and other things to pass through, lymph leaks out too.

30
Q

how do lymphatic vessels drain lymph from tissues?

A
  • lymphatic capillaries are single cells overlapping. Means that lymph can squeeze between. Body movement and valves then propel lymph along vessels.
31
Q

where does lymph go once drained?

A
  1. lymphatic vessels drain into lymph nodes, which filter the lymph via lymphoid cells
  2. then moves into vessels again
  3. vessels collect into lymphatic trunks
  4. trunks collect into 2 main ducts which return lymph into the blood systems (link)
32
Q

what are the lymphatic trunks
label

A
  • right jugular trunk (neck(
  • right subclavian trunk
  • right bronchomediastinal trunk (near clavicle)
  • left bronchomediastinal trunk
  • right lumbar trunk
  • left lumbar trunk
33
Q

what are the two lymphatic ducts

A
  1. right lymphatic duct ( right head, shoulder and arm area)
  2. thoracic duct -
34
Q

where do lymphatic and circulatory syetm connect
diagram

A
  1. thoracic duct - left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein
  2. right lymphatic duct - right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein
35
Q

what do lower GI tract lymphatic vessels do?

A
  • allow for transport of lipids back to bloodstream for uptake of fats from food
36
Q

what is chyle

A

lymph containing lipids

37
Q

what is chylothorax

A
  • when thoracic duct is damaged so chyle builds up
38
Q

Explain the adaptive immune reaction

A
  • foreign substance (antigen) enters body and triggers response first in secondary lymphoid organs
  • lymph nodes trap antigens coming from tissues (in lymph)
  • lymphocytes enter lymph nodes from the BLOOD
  • lymph nodes bring antigen and lymphocytes together and react
  • B and T cells interact with antigen for first time, proliferation (lag of 3-6 days for production), cloning. some cells survive and are memory cells
  • second interaction, proliferation of memory t and b cells (many more available). Lag time only hours.
39
Q

when do primary and secondary responses peak

A

primary =10-12 days
secondary = 7 days

40
Q

compare and contrast circulatory system and lymphatic system

A

BS:
- transports blood and lymph
- major vessels include Artery, veins and capillaries
- filtration occurs in kidney and liver
- intersects at right and left subclavian veins and internal jugular vein
Lymphatic:
- transports lymph
- major vessels = lymphatic capillaries, vessels, trunks, right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
- intersect in ducts

41
Q
A

ANS102 (15 decks)

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