PHYLUMS Flashcards
kingdoms of eukarya
- Prtista
- Plantae
- Fungi
- Animalia
what does polyphyletic mean
no common ancestor, but have shared characteristics
what defines protista
single celled eukaryotes
- heterotrophic
- damp environments
define monophyletic
- shared characteristics and ancesors
define paraphyletic
- shared characterisitics, some shared ancestory
What are the phylums and subphylums of protista
1) phylum Sarcomastigophora
- subphylum mastigophara
- subphylum sarcodina
2) phylum ciliphora
3) phylum Apicomplexa
Subphylum mastigophora characterisitics (flagellates)
- flagella
- asexual/binary fssion
- direct or indirect transmission
- ALL parasitic
- direct life cycle and host specific
- GI tract, Blood, Tissues
- trophozoite cysts
- e.g. leishmania (causes leishmaniasis)
Subphylum Sarcodina (amoebas)
- Pseudopodia (movement)
- asexual
- direct lifestyle and transmission
- trophozoite and cyst form
- may be pathogenic
- food vacuole
- nucleus
(weird shaped cell) - GI tract, Tissue/organs
- ameboid cyst
phylum ciliophora (ciliates)
- cilia (movement)
- 2 or more nuclei
- asexual and sexual (conjugation - join and xchange DNA)
- not many parasitic
- mutualistic
- direct lifestyle and transmission
- host specific
e.g. Balantidum coli -> feaces of pigs, - GI tract, tissues
- trophozoite cyst
Phylum Apicomplexa
- no obvious means of locomotion
- apical complex
- comples life-cycles
- asexual and sexual
- ALL parasitic
- produce spores
- intercellular
e.g plasmodium (malaria) - GI tract, blood, tissue
- Trophozoite, oocyst
what is an apical complex
an organelle that allows penetration into host
what is the theory of origins of metazoa
- evo limited by size and habitat (moisture)
- bodies of many cells allowed larger sizes
define tissue, organ, organ system
tissue = groups of specialised cells that perform specific tasks
organs = groups of tissue
organ system = groups of organs with related functions
phylums within animalia
- porifera
- cnidaria
- platyheminthes
- nematoda
- mollusca
- annelida
- arthropoda
- echodermata
- chordata
phylum profera
- no true tissues
- cells almost independent
- filter feeder
- sessile (stationary)
- sexual (spawning) and asexual (budding)
sponge body plans
tube like body wall of 3 layers
1. flattened cells = pinacocytes
2. mesophyl = gelatinous matrix
3. inner layer of flattened choanocytes
how do sponges respire
water sucked in through ostia and back out through osculum via diffusion
how do sponges eat
- choanocytes have flagella that beat to move water in current
- archaeocytes capture particles and digest
Phylum Cnidaria
- radially symmetrical
- true tissues
- diploblastic
- two body plans (polyp and medusa)
-nematocysts - asexual and sexual
how do cnidarias eat
food absorbed through gastrodem layer by diffusion (inner layer of cells), undigested food expelled via mouth
phylum Platyhelminhes
- true tissues and organs
- bilaterally symmetrical
- triploblastic
- indirect or direct lifecycles
- sexual or asexual (hermaphrodite and larvae are asexual stage)
- many parasitic
- e.g. tapeworms
- eyespots
phylum nemathelminthes (nematoda/roundworms)
- unsegmented
- triploblastic
- pseudocoelomate
- outer cuticle
- no organs
- sexual only (separate sexes)
- free-living or parasitic
- complex life cycle (inidrect and direct)
life cycle of nematoda
Egg
L1 first larval stage
- ecdysis moult
L2 second
- moult
L3 third (m)
L4 Foruth (m)
Adults
Phylum Mollusca
- unsegmented
- triploblastic
- true coelom
- definite head
- muscular foot
- protective mantle - shell
- organ systems
- mouth
- radulla
how do mollusca reproduce
asexual and sexual - hermaphrodites
platehelminthes classes
- turbellaria - planarians, free living, eyespot
- monogenea - ectoparasitic (aqutic), parasitic, ciliated
- Trematoda - flukes, endoparasitic, complex life cycle
- cestoda - tapeworms, endoparasitic, complex life,
Phylum annelida
- segmented
- triploblastic
- coelomate
- metamersism (same segment repeated)
- eyespots
- circulatory system
- asexual and sexual - hermaphorditic or clitellum (sexes would be seperate)
Phylum arthropoda
- segmented
- triploblastic
- tagmatisation - head, thorax, abdomen
- true coelom
- appendages jointed
- exoskeleton of chitin
- metamorphosis
- specialised mouthparts
- no cilia
- sexual or asexual (larvae)
how do arthropoda respire
body surface - tubes of air, or lungs
metamorphosis options
- ametabola = none (egg - young - adult)
- hemimetabola = incomplete (egg - nymph - moults - winged adults) dragonfly
- paurometabola = gradual (egg - many nymphs - adult winged) E.g. cockroach
- holomeabola = complete
(egg - larvae - pupa - adult)
what is metamorphosis
Separation of growth, differentiation and reproduction stage = efficiency
classes of arthropoda
- trilobita - extinct fossils, marine
- arachnida - 4 pairs legs, no true jaw, abdomen, sexes separate, no metamorphosis
- crustacea - aquatic, gills, exoskeleton
- myriapoda - terrestrial, many legs
- insecta - body with head, tagmatisation, antennae, some winged
why are arthropods successful
- all organs for senses and efficiency
- jointed appendages and wings
- metamorphosis
- social
phylum Echinodermata
- triploblastic
- true coelom
- deuterostome development
- radially symmetrical
- hydrostatic skeleton
- tube feet
- all marine
- susoension feeders
- asexual diviision or sexual (spawn)
diploblastic vs triploblastic
diplo - wo distinct cell layers from during embryonic development (endo and ectoderm)
triplo = 3 (+ mesoderm)
radial vs bilateral symmetry
radial - completely symmetrical from all planes
bilateral - divisable by two symmetricl halves
why is triploblastic better
allows specialised organs and systems
pseudocoelom vs true coelom
P = body cavity that lies between mesodermal and endodermal tissue (not completely surrounded by mesoderm)
C = completely surrounded by mesodermal tissue
advantage of body cavity
- movement
- space for systems
- circulation
- storage of wastes
- acts as hydrostatic skeleton
what is a hydrostatic skeleton
fluid filled cavity aurrounded by muscle (incompressable)
Protostome vs Deuterostome
*how coelom formed)
P= mouth then anus (splitting of mesoderm cells)
D = anus then mouth (outpocketing of gut)
what is radulla
tiny teeth
