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ANS102 > PHYLUMS > Flashcards

PHYLUMS Flashcards

1
Q

kingdoms of eukarya

A
  1. Prtista
  2. Plantae
  3. Fungi
  4. Animalia
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2
Q

what does polyphyletic mean

A

no common ancestor, but have shared characteristics

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3
Q

what defines protista

A

single celled eukaryotes
- heterotrophic
- damp environments

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4
Q

define monophyletic

A
  • shared characteristics and ancesors
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5
Q

define paraphyletic

A
  • shared characterisitics, some shared ancestory
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6
Q

What are the phylums and subphylums of protista

A

1) phylum Sarcomastigophora
- subphylum mastigophara
- subphylum sarcodina
2) phylum ciliphora
3) phylum Apicomplexa

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7
Q

Subphylum mastigophora characterisitics (flagellates)

A
  • flagella
  • asexual/binary fssion
  • direct or indirect transmission
  • ALL parasitic
  • direct life cycle and host specific
  • GI tract, Blood, Tissues
  • trophozoite cysts
  • e.g. leishmania (causes leishmaniasis)
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8
Q

Subphylum Sarcodina (amoebas)

A
  • Pseudopodia (movement)
  • asexual
  • direct lifestyle and transmission
  • trophozoite and cyst form
  • may be pathogenic
  • food vacuole
  • nucleus
    (weird shaped cell)
  • GI tract, Tissue/organs
  • ameboid cyst
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9
Q

phylum ciliophora (ciliates)

A
  • cilia (movement)
  • 2 or more nuclei
  • asexual and sexual (conjugation - join and xchange DNA)
  • not many parasitic
  • mutualistic
  • direct lifestyle and transmission
  • host specific
    e.g. Balantidum coli -> feaces of pigs,
  • GI tract, tissues
  • trophozoite cyst
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10
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa

A
  • no obvious means of locomotion
  • apical complex
  • comples life-cycles
  • asexual and sexual
  • ALL parasitic
  • produce spores
  • intercellular
    e.g plasmodium (malaria)
  • GI tract, blood, tissue
  • Trophozoite, oocyst
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11
Q

what is an apical complex

A

an organelle that allows penetration into host

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12
Q

what is the theory of origins of metazoa

A
  • evo limited by size and habitat (moisture)
  • bodies of many cells allowed larger sizes
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13
Q

define tissue, organ, organ system

A

tissue = groups of specialised cells that perform specific tasks
organs = groups of tissue
organ system = groups of organs with related functions

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14
Q

phylums within animalia

A
  1. porifera
  2. cnidaria
  3. platyheminthes
  4. nematoda
  5. mollusca
  6. annelida
  7. arthropoda
  8. echodermata
  9. chordata
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15
Q

phylum profera

A
  • no true tissues
  • cells almost independent
  • filter feeder
  • sessile (stationary)
  • sexual (spawning) and asexual (budding)
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16
Q

sponge body plans

A

tube like body wall of 3 layers
1. flattened cells = pinacocytes
2. mesophyl = gelatinous matrix
3. inner layer of flattened choanocytes

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17
Q

how do sponges respire

A

water sucked in through ostia and back out through osculum via diffusion

18
Q

how do sponges eat

A
  • choanocytes have flagella that beat to move water in current
  • archaeocytes capture particles and digest
19
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A
  • radially symmetrical
  • true tissues
  • diploblastic
  • two body plans (polyp and medusa)
    -nematocysts
  • asexual and sexual
20
Q

how do cnidarias eat

A

food absorbed through gastrodem layer by diffusion (inner layer of cells), undigested food expelled via mouth

21
Q

phylum Platyhelminhes

A
  • true tissues and organs
  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • triploblastic
  • indirect or direct lifecycles
  • sexual or asexual (hermaphrodite and larvae are asexual stage)
  • many parasitic
  • e.g. tapeworms
  • eyespots
22
Q

phylum nemathelminthes (nematoda/roundworms)

A
  • unsegmented
  • triploblastic
  • pseudocoelomate
  • outer cuticle
  • no organs
  • sexual only (separate sexes)
  • free-living or parasitic
  • complex life cycle (inidrect and direct)
23
Q

life cycle of nematoda

A

Egg
L1 first larval stage
- ecdysis moult
L2 second
- moult
L3 third (m)
L4 Foruth (m)
Adults

24
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A
  • unsegmented
  • triploblastic
  • true coelom
  • definite head
  • muscular foot
  • protective mantle - shell
  • organ systems
  • mouth
  • radulla
25
Q

how do mollusca reproduce

A

asexual and sexual - hermaphrodites

26
Q

platehelminthes classes

A
  1. turbellaria - planarians, free living, eyespot
  2. monogenea - ectoparasitic (aqutic), parasitic, ciliated
  3. Trematoda - flukes, endoparasitic, complex life cycle
  4. cestoda - tapeworms, endoparasitic, complex life,
27
Q

Phylum annelida

A
  • segmented
  • triploblastic
  • coelomate
  • metamersism (same segment repeated)
  • eyespots
  • circulatory system
  • asexual and sexual - hermaphorditic or clitellum (sexes would be seperate)
28
Q

Phylum arthropoda

A
  • segmented
  • triploblastic
  • tagmatisation - head, thorax, abdomen
  • true coelom
  • appendages jointed
  • exoskeleton of chitin
  • metamorphosis
  • specialised mouthparts
  • no cilia
  • sexual or asexual (larvae)
29
Q

how do arthropoda respire

A

body surface - tubes of air, or lungs

30
Q

metamorphosis options

A
  1. ametabola = none (egg - young - adult)
  2. hemimetabola = incomplete (egg - nymph - moults - winged adults) dragonfly
  3. paurometabola = gradual (egg - many nymphs - adult winged) E.g. cockroach
  4. holomeabola = complete
    (egg - larvae - pupa - adult)
31
Q

what is metamorphosis

A

Separation of growth, differentiation and reproduction stage = efficiency

32
Q

classes of arthropoda

A
  1. trilobita - extinct fossils, marine
  2. arachnida - 4 pairs legs, no true jaw, abdomen, sexes separate, no metamorphosis
  3. crustacea - aquatic, gills, exoskeleton
  4. myriapoda - terrestrial, many legs
  5. insecta - body with head, tagmatisation, antennae, some winged
33
Q

why are arthropods successful

A
  • all organs for senses and efficiency
  • jointed appendages and wings
  • metamorphosis
  • social
34
Q

phylum Echinodermata

A
  • triploblastic
  • true coelom
  • deuterostome development
  • radially symmetrical
  • hydrostatic skeleton
  • tube feet
  • all marine
  • susoension feeders
  • asexual diviision or sexual (spawn)
35
Q

diploblastic vs triploblastic

A

diplo - wo distinct cell layers from during embryonic development (endo and ectoderm)
triplo = 3 (+ mesoderm)

36
Q

radial vs bilateral symmetry

A

radial - completely symmetrical from all planes
bilateral - divisable by two symmetricl halves

37
Q

why is triploblastic better

A

allows specialised organs and systems

38
Q

pseudocoelom vs true coelom

A

P = body cavity that lies between mesodermal and endodermal tissue (not completely surrounded by mesoderm)
C = completely surrounded by mesodermal tissue

39
Q

advantage of body cavity

A
  • movement
  • space for systems
  • circulation
  • storage of wastes
  • acts as hydrostatic skeleton
40
Q

what is a hydrostatic skeleton

A

fluid filled cavity aurrounded by muscle (incompressable)

41
Q

Protostome vs Deuterostome

A

*how coelom formed)

P= mouth then anus (splitting of mesoderm cells)
D = anus then mouth (outpocketing of gut)

42
Q

what is radulla

A

tiny teeth

ANS102 (15 decks)

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