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reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two types of reproduction?

A

Two types of reproduction are sexual and asexual

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2
Q

how many parents does asexual reproduction need?

A

Asexual repro only involves one parent whereas sexual requires two

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3
Q

what is a zygote

A

a fertilised egg cell

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4
Q

what type of organisms reproduce asexually 4

A

plants, fungi, bacteria and body cells reproduce asexually

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5
Q

what 3 things happen in asexual reproduction

A

in asexual reproduction:
1)The cells divide by mitosis

2)There is no fusion of gametes, no mixing of genetic information, and so no variation

3)produces clones –> the offspring are genetically identical to the parents

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6
Q

how are gametes formed

A

Gametes are formed by the cell division meiosis

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7
Q

what are gametes

A

sex cells

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8
Q

how many chromosomes do sex cells have (explain)

A

Each sex cell has half the original number of chromosomes, so that upon fusion, the original chromosome number is restored

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9
Q

what are the gametes in plants

A

In plants, the gametes are egg cells and pollen

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10
Q

what does sexual reproduction do to a species

A

Sexual reprodution introduces variation

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11
Q

what does haploid mean

A

Haploid = (ha-half) a cell with half the number of chromosomes

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12
Q

what does diploid mean

A

Diploid = a cell with the full set of chromosomes

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13
Q

what are alleles

A

Alleles = different forms of the same gene

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14
Q

in asexual reproduction is there any variation

A

In asexual reproduction there is NO variation

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15
Q

how many cells does mitosis produce

A

Where mitosis produces two identical cells,

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16
Q

how many cells does meiosis produce

A

meiosis produces four cells that are different.

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17
Q

what happens in meiosis 3

A

In meiosis:
1)the chromosomes are duplicated so there are four sets of chromosomes, and each chromosome forms a pair of chromatids

2)Cell divides twice to form four gametes each with a single set of chromosomes

3)Gametes contain random mixtures of original chromosomes, which introduces variation

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18
Q

visual representation of meiosis

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEeMCNwowJg

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19
Q

advantages of meiosis 3

A

Asexual reproduction is more energy and time efficient as
there’s no need to find a mate or spread gametes
It is also a lot faster and produces large numbers of identical offspring

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20
Q

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

if the environment changes and one organism can’t survive, none can (as they are identical)

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21
Q

uses of asexual reproduction

A

Humans use/speed up asexual reproduction to produce large numbers of clones, for example in food production

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22
Q

advantage of sexual reproduction

A

In sexual reproduction, variation means that even if the environment changes, variation will alllow some animals to survive and reproduce –> natural selection

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23
Q

name 2 bodies of spores

A

Toadstools and puffballs are asexual fruiting bodies full of spores

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24
Q

what are the mass of thin threads called

A

Many fungi are made of a mass of thin threads called hyphae that form from the structures we see

25
Q

when do fungi reproduce asexually

A

When conditions are NOT good, fungi reproduce asexually

26
Q

how do fungi reproduce asexually

A

two hyphae from different fungi join and their nuclei fuse

27
Q

what is pollination

A

Pollination = the process in which pollen from one flower must meet the female parts of another flower.

28
Q

how do animals cause pollination?

A

Animals pollinate - insects, birds and bats –> carry the pollen/ make it easy to get carried by the wind, so plants are adapted to attract them

29
Q

what are the advantages of plants being able to reproduce asexually

A

Plants being able to asexually reproduce means that even if plants don’t get pollinated, get eaten or are destroyed by frost, new plants can still form

30
Q

where in the human body and what type of reproduction do malarial parasites use

A

malarial parasites reproduce asexually in human liver cells and blood cells

31
Q

what happens to some parasites when the temperature drops

A

the drop in temperature from humans to parasites triggers some parasites to sexually reproduce

32
Q

3 reasons why the genome matters

A

helps us understand inherited/genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease –> higher chance of overcoming them

linked to increased risk of developed many diseases so helps predict the risk for each individual

understanding it helps us learn more about evolution and history - family trees can be traced back using genome sequences

33
Q

what is the backbone of dna made of

A

DNA backbone is made out of sugar and phosphate

34
Q

whats the monomer of polynucleotide

A

its monomer is nucleotide

35
Q

whats the name of dnas polymer

A

DNA is a polynucleotide

36
Q

what would happen if a mutation in a single group of bases were too occur

A

A mutation in a single group of bases can lead to a change in the protein structure and the way it works

37
Q

what are the steps to protien synthesis

A

Genes produce a template for protein –> reflects the sequence of bases in DNA, but is small enough to leave the nuclear pores

Template leaves the nucleus and binds to the surface of ribosome

Cytoplasm has carrier molecules each attached to an amino acid, which attach to the templates in the correct order given by DNA

Amino acids are joined together to form a specific protein

Carrier molecules continue bringing the specific amino acids in the correct order until template is completed

Protein detaches itself from the carrier molecules which detach from the template to be available to pick up more amino acids

completed protein chain folds up to form a unique shape which will help it carry out its function

38
Q

what three things make a nucleotide

A

nucleotide is a part of the backbone with the base attached to it - it is a sugar, a phosphate and a base

39
Q

what is the meaning of phenotype

A

Phenotype = the physical properties or physical make up of an organism

40
Q

does mutation in the non coding part of the DNA change the phenotype directy

A

Mutations in the non-coding part of DNA does not directly change the phenotype

41
Q

variants in the DNA cause?

A

BUT variants in non coding DNA can affect which genes are switched on and off - by changing the genes that are expressed, this can have a big effect on the phenotype

42
Q

when are genes expressed

A

A gene being expressed is when the protein that this gene codes for is synthesised in the cell

43
Q

does the most of DNA code for protein

A

Most of DNA doesn’t code for protein

44
Q

what does homozygous mean

A

Homozygous = when an individual has the same alleles for a characteristic

45
Q

what does heterozygous mean

A

Heterozygous = when an individual has different alleles for a characteristic

46
Q

what are dominant alleles

A

Dominant alleles = expressed in the phenotype even if only one is present

47
Q

what are recessive alleles

A

Recessive alleles = only expressed in the phenotype in the absence of a dominant allele

48
Q

what do sex chromosomes determine in humans

A

Sex chromosomes determine the sex of the baby

49
Q

what are the sex chromosomes for males

A

In human males, the chromosomes are different - XY

50
Q

what are the sex chromosomes for females

A

In human females the chromosomes are the same - XX

51
Q

what is polydactyly

A

Polydactyly = when some babies are born with extra fingers or toes

52
Q

what type of allele is polydactyly caused by

A

The most common form on polydactyly is caused by a dominant allele

53
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

Cystic fibrosis = a genetic disorder that produces really thick and sticky mucus, and affects the lungs, the digestive system and the reproductive system

54
Q

what are the effects of cystic fibrosis

A

The lungs can become clogged - impairing ventilation
The pancreas cannot secrete enzymes
The small intestine becomes blocked with mucus
Many people with cystic fibrosis are infertile

55
Q

how do we treat cystic fibrosis

A

Treatments for cystic fibrosis: physiotherapy, antibiotics to keep the lungs clear of mucus and infections, enzymes that the pancreas can’t make are replaced, and drugs to thin the mucus

56
Q

what type of allele causes cystic fibrosis

A

Is caused by a recessive allele

57
Q

steps to Amniocentesis

A

Two ways to do this:
Amniocentesis = Amnio –> taking amniotic fluid (the fluid that the embryo is floating in)
Centesis –> centrifuge the fluid
this is carried out at 10-15 weeks of pregnancy - the cells taken from centrifuging can then be used for screening

58
Q

steps to cvs

A

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) = this is carried out between 10 and 12 weeks of pregnancy
You take a small sample of tissue from the placenta - this would provide fetal cells that can be used in screening
Both of these methods carry risks of miscarriage

59
Q

steps to pre implantaion screening

A

Pre-implantation technique = Embryos in IVF can be tested before being impanted with the permission of the couple
Screening can sometimes give a false positive or a false negative –> leads to the termination of a healthy baby
Screening is expensive –> offered to people with genetic disorders in the family history

Biology (14 decks)

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