genetic and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

explain gregor mendels experiment

A

Gregor Mendel cross-bred peas and found that characteristics were inherited in clear and predictable patterns
He explained this by discovering that some traits were dominant over others and they never mixed together

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2
Q

Lamarck’s theory of evolution - french guy:

A

Lamarck’s theory of evolution - french guy:
1. thought that all organisms were linked by what is called a “fountain of life”
2.suggested that individual animals evolved to suit their environment
3. his theory proposed that the way organisms behaved affected the features of their body –> if animals used something a lot over their lifetime this feature would grow and develop

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3
Q

Darwin’s main ideas of evolution:

A

Darwin’s main ideas of evolution:
1. Individual organisms in a particular species tend to show a wide range of variation for each characteristic
2. Reproduction always gives more offspring than the environment can support. The better adapted (fittest) are more likely to survive and breed.
3. When breeding, they pass on characteristics that allowed them to survive
Today we know it is the alleles that control the characters of the advantageous phenotypes that are passed on in natural selection

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4
Q

Reasons it took so long for Darwin’s theories to be accepted

A

Reasons it took so long for Darwin’s theories to be accepted:
1. It challenged the belief that God made everything on Earth
2. Many scientists felt like there wasn’t enough evidence to convince them of his theories
3. There was no mechanism for them to understand how these traits can be inherited –> genetics had not been discovered yet

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5
Q

steps of speciation

A

Speciation:
1. two groups of one species become separated
2. different natural selection takes place in each group
3. when they become so different they are no longer able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring, they become new species

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6
Q

what are the Most common form of isolation

A

Most common form of isolation = geographical isolation –> when two populations become physically isolated by a geographical feature (e.g. a new mountain range, new river or an area of land becoming an island

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7
Q

what is enviromental isolation

A

environmental isolation = when the climate changes in one area where an organism lives but not the other areas (e.g. if the climate changes breeding times of plants + animals linked with them will change

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8
Q

what are fossils

A

fossils = remains of organisms from millions of years ago found preservedin rocks, ice and other places

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9
Q

Conditions needed for decay?

A

Conditions needed for decay:
1. oxygen
2. bacteria
3. relatively temperature

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10
Q

what happens when some of conditions for decaying are not met

A

when one or more of these conditions aren’t there, the organisms don’t decay but are preserved in almost its original form (mostly in ice or peat)

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11
Q

what do scientists extract from fossils

A

scientsits can extract DNA and compare it to modern organisms

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12
Q

Reasons that fossil record is not complete?

A

Reasons that fossil record is not complete:
1. many of the earliest forms of life are soft-bodied organisms –> they’ve left little fossil trace. Most of the fossils created have been destroyed by geographical activity
2. most organisms that died did not become fossilised –> conditions for fossil formations were rare
3. there are many fossils still to be found

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13
Q

explain mould fossils

A

Mould fossils = when an impression of an organism is made in mud, then becomes fossilised

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14
Q

explain cast fossils

A

Cast fossils = when a mould is filled in

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15
Q

what is extinction

A

Extinction = the permanent loss of all the members in a species

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16
Q

what is the main way extinction occurs

A

A cause of extinction is almost always a change in the environment/catastrophic events

17
Q

Ways that organisms cause extinction?

A

Ways that organisms cause extinction:
1. New predators can wipe out prey rapidly unless they have adaptations to avoid them
2. New diseases
3. Successful competition –> new mutations can give one type of organism a real advantage to the other

18
Q

what is geological time

A

Geological time - changes to the environment that take place over millions and even billions of years

19
Q

what is a theory for the dinosaurs exctinction

A

One theory for the dinosaurs’ extinction is that it was caused by a huge asteroid crash that must have caused huge fires, earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides

20
Q

To prevent more resistant strains appearing?

A

To prevent more resistant strains appearing:
stress the importance of finishing the whole course to patients
doctors should stop over-prescribing antibiotics
restrict the agricultural use of antibiotics in plants and animals

21
Q

what is the name of bacterium that is resistant to many antibiotics

A

The bacterium that is resistant to a LOT of antibiotics is MRSA - (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus)

22
Q

Simple measures to reduce the spread of microorganisms?

A

Simple measures to reduce the spread of microorganisms:
1. antibiotics should only be used when they are really needed
2. specific bacteria should be treated with specific antibiotics
3. medical staff should cleanse hands with soap/gel between patients and should wear disposable/regularly sterilised clothing
4. hospitals should have high standards of hygiene
5. patients infected with antibiotic resistant bacteria should be treated with isolation
6. visitors should also maintain hygiene - washing hands etc.

23
Q

why has the production of antibiotics slowed down

A

developing new antibiotics is expensive and slow.

24
Q

what is classification

A

Classification = organisation of living things into groups according to their similarities

25
Q

uses of classification

A

Classification:
allow biologists to study organisms
allows us to make sense of the living world
helps us to understand how the different groups of living things are related to each other
it enables us to recognise the biodiversity present in the world

26
Q

pneumonic for classification

A

Keep People Close Or Forever Go Solo

27
Q

what are the groups

A

Kingdom/Phylus/Class/Order/Family/Genus/Species –> these are called Taxons/Groups

28
Q

what are Archaebacteria

A

Archaebacteria = ancient bacteria-like organisms

29
Q

what are Eubateria

A

Eubateria = the normal bacteria grown in school labs

30
Q

what are the 3 rules for scientidic names

A

Simple rules for scientific names:
.1. the first name is the genus, written with a capital letter
2. the second name is the name of a species written with.a lower case letter
3. The two names are underlined when written or written in italics

31
Q

what are the 3

A

The three domains:
Archaea - primitive forms of bacteria that include extremophiles - it involves one kingdom - the archaebactera
Bacteria - the true bactera and the cyanobacteria (bacteria-like organisms that can live in extreme conditions) - it contains eubacteria
Eukaryotes - they all have cells that contain a nucleus - it contains protista, fungi, plants and animals