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endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

what is contraception

A

Contraception = preventing pregnancy by

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2
Q

what is oral contraception

A

Oral contraception - these pills contain female hormones
the combined oral contraceptive pill contains low doses of oestrogen and progesterone

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2
Q

How does the combined oral contraceptive pill prevent pregnancy?

A

the contraceptive pill prevents pregnancy because ;
it contains oestrogen which inhibits fsh
it contains progesterone which inhibits the use of fsh and lh
fsh causes eggs to mature
lh triggers the release of the egg
if both of these homones are inhibited it wont allow an egg to develop and would prevent a pregnancy

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3
Q

Another contraceptive pill stops progesterone from being produced. How does this pill prevent pregnancy?

A

without a uterus lining there will be no where for the egg to be implanted

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4
Q

how can pills that make mucus prevent pregnancy

A

There are pills that make mucus in the cervix, in order to prevent sperm getting through

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5
Q

how does a contraceptive implant work and what does it release

A

tiny tube inserted under the skin by a doctor –> slowly releases progesterone

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6
Q

what are contraceptive injections? how long do they last

A

progesterone only injections - only last 12 weeks

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7
Q

what is a contraceptive patch?

A

Patch is stuck to the skin and replaced every 7 days - hormones are directly released into the bloodstream

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8
Q

what do contraceptive patches release

A

contains oestrogen and progesterone

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9
Q

what are spermicides and are they effective

A

chemicals that kill or disable sperm - not very effective

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10
Q

how do condoms prevent pregnancy?

A

prevents the egg and sperm from meeting

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11
Q

what are 2 advantages of condoms

A

No side effects, offers protection against some STDs

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12
Q

what is a disadvantage of condoms

A

they can get damaged and sperm can get through

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13
Q

what is a cap

A

thin rubber diaphragm that is placed over the cervix before intercourse to prevent entry of sperm

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14
Q

what is advantage of a cap

A

no side effects

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15
Q

what are Intrauterine devices (IUDs)

A

small structures inserted into the uterus by a doctor

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16
Q

how long do IUDs last

A

these last for 3-5 years - and can be removed any time if you want to become pregnant

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17
Q

what is the rhythm method?

A

abstaining from intercourse around ovulation

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18
Q

what is a vasectomy?

A

sperm ducts are cut and tied to prevent the sperm from getting into the semen

19
Q

what is Tubal sterilisation

A

Women can get their oviducts (fallopian tubes) cut and tied to prevent an egg reaching the uterus

20
Q

name 3 things that are linked to infertility

A

a lack of female hormones
damaged oviducts
lack of sperm in the semen

21
Q

what are 3 common causes of infertilty

A

obesity
eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia)
age

22
Q

what does IVF stand for

A

IVF = In Vitro Fertilisation

23
Q

what is in vitro

A

In Vitro = within cells - so this means you are fertilising on a cellular level - in a lab, in a petri dish

24
Q

under what cirucumstances can IVF be used

A
  1. the oviducts have been damaged/blocked by infection
  2. a donor egg has to be used
  3. there is no obvious cause for long term infertility
  4. if a man produces very little sperm or the sperm has not matured
25
Q

what hormones are given in fertility treatment

A

A combination of FSH and LH can be used in fertility treatments to cause eggs to mature in the ovary and to trigger ovulation

26
Q

what is the function fsh

A

matures trhe egg

27
Q

what is the function LH

A

triggers the release of an egg

28
Q

what is the function of prostrogen?

A

maintans uterus lining

29
Q

what is fertilisation

A

when the nuclei of the egg and the sperm fuse

30
Q

what is a fertilised egg called

A

zygote

31
Q

what is the process of ivf

A

Doctors give the mother synthetic FSH and LH –> to stimulate maturation of egg and ovulation
Collect the egg from the ovary and collect the father’s sperm and fertilise them in the lab -
fertilisation =when the nuclei of the egg and the sperm fuse
Fertilised eggs (zygotes) kept in special solution in warm conditions to develop into embryos
When they are minute balls of cells, one or two are inserted back into the mother’s uterus

32
Q

what are the advantages of ivf

A

IVF increases the chance of multiple pregnancy
the mature eggs produced by a woman using fertility drugs may be collected and stored –> ethical issues

33
Q

what are the disadvantages of ivf

A

Expensive for society and people –> many will want to pay for repeated treatments

Not always successful - especially with age

Younger gametes (sex cells - egg cell and sperm cell) can be used BUT they won’t biologically be the parent’s child

Has health risks for mother - is emotionally and physically stressful

Costs hospital a lot to incubate premature births –> if they survive they are most likely to be severely disabled.

34
Q

what is tropism

A

Tropism = the movement of the plant in response to a stimulus

35
Q

what is stimulus

A

Stimulus = a change in the environmen

36
Q

what is Phototropism

A

Phototropism = plant’s response to light

37
Q

what is Gravitropism/Geotropism

A

Gravitropism/Geotropism = plant’s response to the force of gravity

38
Q

what happens in photoropism

A

Auxin moves from the lit side of the shoot to the unlit side

Cells on that side become elongated by the auxin, causing the shoot to bend towards the light

Once light falls evenly on the shoot, the auxin levels will be equal on both sides, so grows straight again

39
Q

what is gibberellins

A

Gibberellins = plant hormones

40
Q

what are gibberellins important for

A

important in initiating seed germination
and
at the start, giberellins trigger the breakdown of food stores at the start, and stimulate the growth of plant stems

41
Q

what is ethene used for

A
  1. important in controlling cell division
  2. important in fruit ripening
42
Q

how does dipping plants in to root powder effect the plant

A

By dipping or cutting into rooting powder, that contains auxin (IAA), chances of success are higher

43
Q

what are auxins useful for

A

Auxins make effective weed-killers

44
Q

describe how auxins(weed killers) kill plants

A

when sprayed, it’s absorbed, sending the plant into rapid uncontrolled growth, which kills it

45
Q

what are selective herbicides?

A

Selective herbicides = herbicides that affect specific plants

46
Q

what are 3 uses of gibberellins

A

Brewing industry = speeds up germination of barley seeds which are used to make malt
Promotes flowering throughout the year, especially in pot plants
Increase the size of fruit

Biology (14 decks)

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