Repro Surgery Flashcards
Teaser Surgery
Detect or aid in Identification of estrus to allow females to be bred by males of greater genetic material
What are the types of Teaser Surgery?
Vasectomy
Epididectomy
Vasectomy
Removal of ductus deferens for male infertility
Epididectomy
Removal of the tail of the epididymis
What should you avoid when performing an Epididectomy?
Avoid cutting into the testicle as this will result in profuse bleeding
Urolithiasis
Obstruction of the distal urinary tract with calculi
What are the indications for castrating horses?
Behavior changes
1- 11/2 years
What are the indications for castration for farm animals?
Increased growth rate
When do you castrate pigs?
10-14 days
What are the types of castration?
Surgical
Blunt
What are the indications for Burdizzo emasculation?
Teat amputation
Tail docking
Bloodless castration
What are the complications of bloodless castration?
Scrotal sloughing
Slips
Clamping of penis
What is an open castration?
Cutting through the vaginal tunic
What are the different types of emasculators?
Plain emasculator Reimer Serra Serra modified White White modified Hausmann
What is a characteristic of Reimer emasculator?
Third handle to cut off the testicles
Which emasculator is best for standing castration in horses?
Serra modified emasculator
Why do you not perform a double ligation in castration?
increased risk of infection
Where are the testis located at birth in the foal?
in the inguinal canal
How long does it take for the testes to descend in the foal after birth?
1-2 weeks
Cryptorchidism
Any animal that does not have two testes palpable in their entirety below the external inguinal rings.
What are the forms of Cryptorchidism?
Inguinal
Abdominal
Incomplete abdominal
Incomplete Abdominal
the teste is in the abdomen and the inguinal canal
What side is it most common to see abdominal retention?
Left
What is the cause of Cryptorchidism?
Improper function of gubernaculum
Inguinal ring too small in diameter
Hormone imbalance
Hereditary
How do you diagnose Cryptorchidism?
Stallion-like behavior Palpation Ultrasound Laparoscopy Hormonal assay
What is the advantage to standing Cryptorchid surgery?
fast recovery
What is the disadvantage to standing Cryptorchid surgery?
expensive equipment
What is the most common way to perform a Cryptorchid surgery?
Dorsal recumbency with general anesthesia
What is the aftercare for a Cryptorchid surgery?
should be standing before leaving Tetanus Immunization Antibiotics NSAIDs stall rest one day Forced exercise twice daily
What are the complications of Cryptorchid surgery?
Swelling Hemorrhage Scirrhous cord Hydrocele Evisceration Peritonitis Masculine behavior Iatrogenic penile trauma Penile paralysis anesthetic accidents
Hydrocele
Fluid filled painless swelling
Episioplasty
Caslick’s procedure
Perineal body reconstruction
Perineal body transection
What causes Pneumovagina?
Poor conformation
Injury
Pneumovagina
Prevent aspiration of air into vagina
Why do you need to prevent pneumovagina?
Vaginitis Cervicitis Metritis Infertility Noise production
How do you prepare a horse for surgery for the treatment for pneumovagina?
Standing (stocks) Manual removal of feces Sedation Bandage tail Scrub + Disinfect Local anesthetic infiltration Epidural anesthesia
What is the aftercare of Vulvoplasty (episiotomy)?
Remove before foaling
What are the indications for Perineal body reconstruction?
Ineffective vulvar + vestibular seal
Failed caslicks procedure
Rectovestibular injuries
What is the aftercare for Perineal body reconstruction?
4-6 weeks sexual rest
Episotomy at foaling
When do you perform a perineal body transection?
Forward sloping of vulva
What is the signalment of the mares with perineal body transection?
Older mares with many foals
How do you close a perineal body transection?
Suture
Second intention healing
What are the clinical signs of Urovagina?
Vaginitis
Cervicitis
Endometritis
Decreased conception rates
What causes Urovagina?
Pneumovagina
Ectopic ureter
Excessive closure of Caslick’s
What is the surgery to repair Urovagina?
Caudal relocation of transverse fold
What are the techniques used for Caudal urethral extension (urethroplasty)?
Brown
McKinnon
Shires
Monin
On what type of animal would you perform a Shires technique Urethroplasty?
Older mares with loose connective tissue
Foaling injuries
Perineal lacerations Rectovestibular fistulae Vaginal contusions Vaginal rupture Cervical lacerations Uterine rupture Uterine hemorrhage Uterine prolapse Urinary bladder: Eversion, Prolapse, Rupture GIT injuries
What layers are affected with a First degree Perineal laceration?
Only mucosa, vestibule, vulva
What layers are affected with a Second degree Perineal laceration?
Mucosa + submucosa
What layers are affected with a Third degree Perineal laceration?
Perineal body
Anal sphincter
floor of rectum
What is the treatment for Third degree Perineal laceration?
Surgery
What is the cause of perineal laceration?
Primiparous mares
Fetal malposition
Nose or foot catches vulvovaginal fold
How do you repair third degree perineal lacerations?
Local debridement Tetanus prophylaxis Repair in 4-6 weeks post partum After weaning Diet change Standing
What are the four surgical principles of third degree perineal lacerations?
minimum tension on suture line
Broad contact of wound surfaces
Strong suture material
reduce amount of feces
What are the two techniques for rectovestibular repair?
Aanes method
Goetze or Vaughan method
How long after the first stage of repair in the Aanes method do you perform the second stage repair?
2-3 weeks later
How long should you wait for breeding after rectovestibular repair?
6 weeks post op
Rectovestibular fistula
laceration of dorsal vestibula into rectum without disruption of perineal body or anal sphincter
How do you repair a small Rectovestibular fistula?
can close spontaneously
How do you approach a repair for a Rectovestibular fistula?
Via rectum
Via vestibula / perineal body
How do you repair a Rectovestibular fistula?
Direct closure of fistula
Why would you perform a unilateral Ovariectomy?
Granulosa cell tumor
Ovarian abscesses
Why would you perform a bilateral ovariectomy?
Eliminate estrous
Eliminate nymphomania
What are the preoperative ovariectomy considerations?
Off feed 12-24 hours pre op
Laparoscopy; off feed for 12-48 hours
Rectal palpation + ultrasound
Diestrus or anestrus?
What would you treat with post operatively after ovariectomy?
Abx
Tetanus
How do you perform the ovariectomy?
Standing
Colpotomy
Laparoscopy
What are the approaches for Ovariectomy?
Flank
Ventral midline
Paramedian
Laparoscopy
Colpotomy
ovariectomy through the vagina
What are the complications of ovariectomy?
Suture dehiscence
Post op pain
Colitis
Laminitis
What are the advantages of laparoscopy vs celiotomy?
Smaller incisions
Direct visualization
Tension-free ligation
Shorter post op recovery
What are the fetal causes of dystocia in the mare?
Large foal size Abnormal foal posture Abnormal foal presentation Abnormal foal position Deformities
What are the maternal causes of dystocia?
Old pelvic fractures
Cervical strictures
Uterine torsion
Uterine rupture
How long after the c section should you remove the sutures?
10 days
Reefing
involved the removal of a circumferential ring of preputial tissue
What are the reasons for Segmental posthectomy in the equine?
Removal of: Neoplasms Granulomas Scar tissue Chronic thickening Penile paralysis
How do you prepare an equine for Segmental posthectomy?
Dorsal recumbency
GA
Catheterizaton of the urethra
Tourniquet
What should you avoid when performing a segmental posthectomy?
Large longitudinal sq branches of the external pudendal arteries and veins
What is the aftercare for segmental posthectomy in equine?
Isolate from mares for 2-4 weeks after
Regular exercise to reduce edema
What are the potential complications for segmental posthectomy in the equine?
Edema
Hematoma formation
Infection
Dehiscence
Phallectomy
Amputation of the penis
What are the indications for phallectomy in the equine?
Irreparable penis damage
Penis paralysis
Extensive neoplasia
What is a possible treatment for penile squamous cell carcinoma in the equine stallion?
Hypothermia therapy
Phallectomy
How do you prepare a patient for phallectomy?
Castrate 3-4 weeks pre op Dorsal recumbency GA Catheterization of the urethra Tourniquet
What are the techniques for a Phallectomy?
Visnot’s technique
William’s technique
Scott’s technique
En block resection
How do you close the Visnot’s technique?
Second intention healing
What are some complications of a phallectomy?
Colic
Peritonitis
Hematoma formation
What technqiue is warranted for the treatment of horses with extensive lesions of the penis and/or prepuce with metastasis?
En bloc resection
penne restroversion
What drug can cause penile paralysis?
Acepromazine
What is the aftercare of Phallopexy?
Castration
Handwalk daily
Remove percutaneous sutures in 10-12 days
Heavy exercise 3-4 weeks post op
What are the testicular neoplasias of the stallion?
Seminoma
Teratoma
Interstitial cell tumor
Sertoli cell tumor
When are cows suseptible to Cervicovaginal Prolapse?
Late pregnancy
What are the risk factors for cervicovaginal prolapse?
Fat
Breed: Hereford, Brahman, or Romney Sheep
Estrogenic feed
Chronic use as embryo donor
What is the pathogenesis of Cervicovaginal prolapse?
Initial tissue irritation leading to cycle of straining/irritation starting at caudoventral vagina, just cranial to urethra/vestibulovaginal junction
What is the treatment for Cervicovaginal prolapse?
Epidural anesthetic
Wash and clean
Reduced with glycerol
Keep in place with Buhner needle and umbilical tape
What predisposes sheet to prolaspe?
Tail docking
How can you distinguish between uterine prolapse and vaginal prolapse?
Caruncles present in uterine prolapse
When does Uterine prolapse occur?
after parturition in the first 12 hours
What predisposes to uterine prolapse?
Hypocalcemia and parturition
What drug would you give to relax the uterus for treatment of prolapse?
Epinephrine
What breeds are predisposed to hypocalcemia?
Jerseys
Guernseys
How do you prevent Cervicovaginal prolapse?
Permanent surgery
Address the risk factors
What are the options for Permanent surgery to treat cervicovaginal prolapse?
Vaginalpexy (Minchev)
Cervicopexy (Winkler)
How do you treat prolapse in a sheep?
Treat like a cow
Wash and clean
Reduce with glycerol
Vaginal prolapse retainer
Does the vaginal prolapse retainer have to be removed for lambing?
No
What are the indications for C-section?
Relieve dystocia
Elective c-section
