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RUSVM Large Animal Surgery 2017 > Repro Surgery > Flashcards

Repro Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

Teaser Surgery

A

Detect or aid in Identification of estrus to allow females to be bred by males of greater genetic material

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2
Q

What are the types of Teaser Surgery?

A

Vasectomy

Epididectomy

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3
Q

Vasectomy

A

Removal of ductus deferens for male infertility

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4
Q

Epididectomy

A

Removal of the tail of the epididymis

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5
Q

What should you avoid when performing an Epididectomy?

A

Avoid cutting into the testicle as this will result in profuse bleeding

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6
Q

Urolithiasis

A

Obstruction of the distal urinary tract with calculi

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7
Q

What are the indications for castrating horses?

A

Behavior changes

1- 11/2 years

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8
Q

What are the indications for castration for farm animals?

A

Increased growth rate

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9
Q

When do you castrate pigs?

A

10-14 days

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10
Q

What are the types of castration?

A

Surgical

Blunt

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11
Q

What are the indications for Burdizzo emasculation?

A

Teat amputation
Tail docking
Bloodless castration

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12
Q

What are the complications of bloodless castration?

A

Scrotal sloughing
Slips
Clamping of penis

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13
Q

What is an open castration?

A

Cutting through the vaginal tunic

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14
Q

What are the different types of emasculators?

A 
Plain emasculator 
Reimer
Serra
Serra modified
White 
White modified
Hausmann
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15
Q

What is a characteristic of Reimer emasculator?

A

Third handle to cut off the testicles

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16
Q

Which emasculator is best for standing castration in horses?

A

Serra modified emasculator

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17
Q

Why do you not perform a double ligation in castration?

A

increased risk of infection

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18
Q

Where are the testis located at birth in the foal?

A

in the inguinal canal

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19
Q

How long does it take for the testes to descend in the foal after birth?

A

1-2 weeks

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20
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Any animal that does not have two testes palpable in their entirety below the external inguinal rings.

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21
Q

What are the forms of Cryptorchidism?

A

Inguinal
Abdominal
Incomplete abdominal

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22
Q

Incomplete Abdominal

A

the teste is in the abdomen and the inguinal canal

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23
Q

What side is it most common to see abdominal retention?

A

Left

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24
Q

What is the cause of Cryptorchidism?

A

Improper function of gubernaculum
Inguinal ring too small in diameter
Hormone imbalance
Hereditary

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25
Q

How do you diagnose Cryptorchidism?

A 
Stallion-like behavior 
Palpation 
Ultrasound
Laparoscopy 
Hormonal assay
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26
Q

What is the advantage to standing Cryptorchid surgery?

A

fast recovery

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27
Q

What is the disadvantage to standing Cryptorchid surgery?

A

expensive equipment

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28
Q

What is the most common way to perform a Cryptorchid surgery?

A

Dorsal recumbency with general anesthesia

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29
Q

What is the aftercare for a Cryptorchid surgery?

A 
should be standing before leaving 
Tetanus Immunization 
Antibiotics
NSAIDs
stall rest one day 
Forced exercise twice daily
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30
Q

What are the complications of Cryptorchid surgery?

A 
Swelling
Hemorrhage
Scirrhous cord 
Hydrocele 
Evisceration 
Peritonitis
Masculine behavior
Iatrogenic penile trauma
Penile paralysis 
anesthetic accidents
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31
Q

Hydrocele

A

Fluid filled painless swelling

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32
Q

Episioplasty

A

Caslick’s procedure
Perineal body reconstruction
Perineal body transection

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33
Q

What causes Pneumovagina?

A

Poor conformation

Injury

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34
Q

Pneumovagina

A

Prevent aspiration of air into vagina

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35
Q

Why do you need to prevent pneumovagina?

A 
Vaginitis 
Cervicitis 
Metritis 
Infertility 
Noise production
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36
Q

How do you prepare a horse for surgery for the treatment for pneumovagina?

A 
Standing (stocks) 
Manual removal of feces
Sedation 
Bandage tail 
Scrub + Disinfect 
Local anesthetic infiltration 
Epidural anesthesia
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37
Q

What is the aftercare of Vulvoplasty (episiotomy)?

A

Remove before foaling

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38
Q

What are the indications for Perineal body reconstruction?

A

Ineffective vulvar + vestibular seal
Failed caslicks procedure
Rectovestibular injuries

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39
Q

What is the aftercare for Perineal body reconstruction?

A

4-6 weeks sexual rest

Episotomy at foaling

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40
Q

When do you perform a perineal body transection?

A

Forward sloping of vulva

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41
Q

What is the signalment of the mares with perineal body transection?

A

Older mares with many foals

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42
Q

How do you close a perineal body transection?

A

Suture

Second intention healing

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43
Q

What are the clinical signs of Urovagina?

A

Vaginitis
Cervicitis
Endometritis
Decreased conception rates

44
Q

What causes Urovagina?

A

Pneumovagina
Ectopic ureter
Excessive closure of Caslick’s

45
Q

What is the surgery to repair Urovagina?

A

Caudal relocation of transverse fold

46
Q

What are the techniques used for Caudal urethral extension (urethroplasty)?

A

Brown
McKinnon
Shires
Monin

47
Q

On what type of animal would you perform a Shires technique Urethroplasty?

A

Older mares with loose connective tissue

48
Q

Foaling injuries

A 
Perineal lacerations 
Rectovestibular fistulae 
Vaginal contusions 
Vaginal rupture 
Cervical lacerations 
Uterine rupture 
Uterine hemorrhage
Uterine prolapse 
Urinary bladder: Eversion, Prolapse, Rupture 
GIT injuries
49
Q

What layers are affected with a First degree Perineal laceration?

A

Only mucosa, vestibule, vulva

50
Q

What layers are affected with a Second degree Perineal laceration?

A

Mucosa + submucosa

51
Q

What layers are affected with a Third degree Perineal laceration?

A

Perineal body
Anal sphincter
floor of rectum

52
Q

What is the treatment for Third degree Perineal laceration?

A

Surgery

53
Q

What is the cause of perineal laceration?

A

Primiparous mares
Fetal malposition
Nose or foot catches vulvovaginal fold

54
Q

How do you repair third degree perineal lacerations?

A 
Local debridement 
Tetanus prophylaxis 
Repair in 4-6 weeks post partum 
After weaning 
Diet change 
Standing
55
Q

What are the four surgical principles of third degree perineal lacerations?

A

minimum tension on suture line
Broad contact of wound surfaces
Strong suture material
reduce amount of feces

56
Q

What are the two techniques for rectovestibular repair?

A

Aanes method

Goetze or Vaughan method

57
Q

How long after the first stage of repair in the Aanes method do you perform the second stage repair?

A

2-3 weeks later

58
Q

How long should you wait for breeding after rectovestibular repair?

A

6 weeks post op

59
Q

Rectovestibular fistula

A

laceration of dorsal vestibula into rectum without disruption of perineal body or anal sphincter

60
Q

How do you repair a small Rectovestibular fistula?

A

can close spontaneously

61
Q

How do you approach a repair for a Rectovestibular fistula?

A

Via rectum

Via vestibula / perineal body

62
Q

How do you repair a Rectovestibular fistula?

A

Direct closure of fistula

63
Q

Why would you perform a unilateral Ovariectomy?

A

Granulosa cell tumor

Ovarian abscesses

64
Q

Why would you perform a bilateral ovariectomy?

A

Eliminate estrous

Eliminate nymphomania

65
Q

What are the preoperative ovariectomy considerations?

A

Off feed 12-24 hours pre op
Laparoscopy; off feed for 12-48 hours
Rectal palpation + ultrasound
Diestrus or anestrus?

66
Q

What would you treat with post operatively after ovariectomy?

A

Abx

Tetanus

67
Q

How do you perform the ovariectomy?

A

Standing
Colpotomy
Laparoscopy

68
Q

What are the approaches for Ovariectomy?

A

Flank
Ventral midline
Paramedian
Laparoscopy

69
Q

Colpotomy

A

ovariectomy through the vagina

70
Q

What are the complications of ovariectomy?

A

Suture dehiscence
Post op pain
Colitis
Laminitis

71
Q

What are the advantages of laparoscopy vs celiotomy?

A

Smaller incisions
Direct visualization
Tension-free ligation
Shorter post op recovery

72
Q

What are the fetal causes of dystocia in the mare?

A 
Large foal size 
Abnormal foal posture 
Abnormal foal presentation 
Abnormal foal position 
Deformities
73
Q

What are the maternal causes of dystocia?

A

Old pelvic fractures
Cervical strictures
Uterine torsion
Uterine rupture

74
Q

How long after the c section should you remove the sutures?

A

10 days

75
Q

Reefing

A

involved the removal of a circumferential ring of preputial tissue

76
Q

What are the reasons for Segmental posthectomy in the equine?

A 
Removal of: 
Neoplasms
Granulomas
Scar tissue 
Chronic thickening 
Penile paralysis
77
Q

How do you prepare an equine for Segmental posthectomy?

A

Dorsal recumbency
GA
Catheterizaton of the urethra
Tourniquet

78
Q

What should you avoid when performing a segmental posthectomy?

A

Large longitudinal sq branches of the external pudendal arteries and veins

79
Q

What is the aftercare for segmental posthectomy in equine?

A

Isolate from mares for 2-4 weeks after

Regular exercise to reduce edema

80
Q

What are the potential complications for segmental posthectomy in the equine?

A

Edema
Hematoma formation
Infection
Dehiscence

81
Q

Phallectomy

A

Amputation of the penis

82
Q

What are the indications for phallectomy in the equine?

A

Irreparable penis damage
Penis paralysis
Extensive neoplasia

83
Q

What is a possible treatment for penile squamous cell carcinoma in the equine stallion?

A

Hypothermia therapy

Phallectomy

84
Q

How do you prepare a patient for phallectomy?

A 
Castrate 3-4 weeks pre op 
Dorsal recumbency 
GA 
Catheterization of the urethra
Tourniquet
85
Q

What are the techniques for a Phallectomy?

A

Visnot’s technique
William’s technique
Scott’s technique
En block resection

86
Q

How do you close the Visnot’s technique?

A

Second intention healing

87
Q

What are some complications of a phallectomy?

A

Colic
Peritonitis
Hematoma formation

88
Q

What technqiue is warranted for the treatment of horses with extensive lesions of the penis and/or prepuce with metastasis?

A

En bloc resection

penne restroversion

89
Q

What drug can cause penile paralysis?

A

Acepromazine

90
Q

What is the aftercare of Phallopexy?

A

Castration
Handwalk daily
Remove percutaneous sutures in 10-12 days
Heavy exercise 3-4 weeks post op

91
Q

What are the testicular neoplasias of the stallion?

A

Seminoma
Teratoma
Interstitial cell tumor
Sertoli cell tumor

92
Q

When are cows suseptible to Cervicovaginal Prolapse?

A

Late pregnancy

93
Q

What are the risk factors for cervicovaginal prolapse?

A

Fat
Breed: Hereford, Brahman, or Romney Sheep
Estrogenic feed
Chronic use as embryo donor

94
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Cervicovaginal prolapse?

A

Initial tissue irritation leading to cycle of straining/irritation starting at caudoventral vagina, just cranial to urethra/vestibulovaginal junction

95
Q

What is the treatment for Cervicovaginal prolapse?

A

Epidural anesthetic
Wash and clean
Reduced with glycerol
Keep in place with Buhner needle and umbilical tape

96
Q

What predisposes sheet to prolaspe?

A

Tail docking

97
Q

How can you distinguish between uterine prolapse and vaginal prolapse?

A

Caruncles present in uterine prolapse

98
Q

When does Uterine prolapse occur?

A

after parturition in the first 12 hours

99
Q

What predisposes to uterine prolapse?

A

Hypocalcemia and parturition

100
Q

What drug would you give to relax the uterus for treatment of prolapse?

A

Epinephrine

101
Q

What breeds are predisposed to hypocalcemia?

A

Jerseys

Guernseys

102
Q

How do you prevent Cervicovaginal prolapse?

A

Permanent surgery

Address the risk factors

103
Q

What are the options for Permanent surgery to treat cervicovaginal prolapse?

A

Vaginalpexy (Minchev)

Cervicopexy (Winkler)

104
Q

How do you treat prolapse in a sheep?

A

Treat like a cow
Wash and clean
Reduce with glycerol
Vaginal prolapse retainer

105
Q

Does the vaginal prolapse retainer have to be removed for lambing?

A

No

106
Q

What are the indications for C-section?

A

Relieve dystocia

Elective c-section

RUSVM Large Animal Surgery 2017 (14 decks)

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