Repro - Sexual Behaviour Flashcards
What are the three types of reproductive behaviours in females
Attractivity (vocalization, posture, pheromones)
Proceptivity (stimulates the male)
Receptivity (ensuring insemination)
what are the three types of reproductive behaviour in males
Precopulatory (everything up to erection and penile protrusion)
Copulatory (doing the deed)
Postcopulatory (refractory period and memory)
What acts as the stimuli for arousal?
male pheromones
what are the two important male pheromones, and what effect do they have on sows?
The important male pheromones are 3 α androstenol and 5 α androstenone.
These are the pheromones that induce rigidity stance/reflex in sows
What pheromone do female dogs produce, and what effect does it have
Female dogs produce methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, a pheromone from vaginal secretions.
It attracts male dogs
what is the flehmen behavior
found in both sexes, occurs when the upper lip is lifted to create negative pressure in the nasopalatine duct. Allows animal to sense less volatile pheromones
What is the path of a pheromone as it reaches the brain?
Pheromone -> nasopalatine duct ->vomaronasal organ -> higher brain centers
Give an example of a visual stimuli for sexual behaviour
Training of bulls for semen collection using artificial vagina includes allowing them to watch how other bulls mount and ejaculate
what hormone plays a major role in regulating sexual behaviour in both sexes
estradiol
what is required for the hypothalamus to receive sensory stimuli regarding sexual behaviour
the hypothalamus must be sensitized by estradiol (E2)
if estradiol is the female sex hormone, how do males stimulate their hypothalamus?
they can convert testosterone into estradiol
how can males initiate sexual behaviour at any time
they have a constant supply of E2 (due to testosterone being in constant supply) so they can sensitize their hypothalamus to process sexual stimuli whenever they want
how is mounting inititated?
Sensitization of hypothalamus by estradiol >
hypothalamus accepts sensory stimuli >
Neurotransmitters > midbrain translates these
neuropeptide signals into a response >
integration of signals in the medulla > spinal cord
communicates these signals to specific muscles
(via motor neurons) for lordosis/mounting
One of your clients wanted to have a chat with you regarding the poor libido (desire and ability to mate) of a bull he used during the last breeding season. The client wanted to treat this bull, improve libido and use the bull again during this breeding season. Think about how above summarized principles could be utilized to address this clinical issue.
I THINK you could just give the bull E2 (pls fact check me, I didnt put this in my notes)
does the size of a bull penis increase during erection, and why/why not?
No, but the pressure increases. this is because the tunica albuginea completely covers the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum) in fibroelastic penises
what are the cavernosus spaces in erectile tissue called
corporal sinusoids
what are the two types of innervations to the smooth muscles of the corporal sinusoids>
adrenergic and NANC (non adrenergic, non-cholinergic parasympathetic)
what innervation to the penis is dominant during normal conditions
adrenergic via NE, resulting in vasocontriction (flaccid dick)
What innervation to the penis is dominant when there is erotogenic stimuli
NANC via NO
How does NO release by NANC result in erection (Im sorry, this is a long one)
No converts GTP into cGMP by activating guanlyate cyclase. cGMP relaxes smooth muscles around sinusoidal spaces, leading to accumulation of blood. dilation of sinusoidal spaces obliterates venous return from the penis, which will cause retention of blood in the sinusoidal spaces. In addition, contraction of Ischiocavernosus muscle also contributes to venous stasis. Relaxation of retractor penis muscle (innervated by NANC) causes protrusion of the penis
how does viagra work
viagra contains sildenafil, which is a PDE inhibitor.
How do PDE’s stop erections
by converting cGMP back into GMP
what is mounting
postural adjustments for intromission
what is intromission
entry of penis into vagina
what is emission
movement of sperm from the tail of the epididymis and seminal fluids from the accessory glandsd into the pelvic urethra (colliculus seminalis)
what is ejaculation
reflex expulsion of sperm and accessory gland fluids (semen) from the male repro system
what are the 5 steps to emission
- sensory stimulation
- stimulation of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
- oxytocin
- contraction of smooth muscle in the caudal epididymis and ductus deferens
- release of sperm and seminal fluid into pelvic urethra
t/f emission only occurs before ejaculation
false, it also occurs during
what nerve brings sensory info from the glans penis to the spinal cord>
internal pudendal nerve
what plexus fires motor neurons that innervate the urethralis, ischiocavernosus, and bulbospongiosus muscles to cause ejaculation
hypogastric plexus
what is a copulatory tie?
found in canine species, when the copulating pair basically get stuck together because the bulbis glandis swells inside the vagina and prevents the male dog from pulling out
what are the three anatomically distinct regions of a dog penis
glans penis, pars longa glandis, and bulbus glandis
what structure allows intromission before erection in dogs
os penis
in first stage canine coitus, what fractions (and their components) are released
fraction 1 (prostatic fluid) and fraction 2 (sperm rich)
in second stage canine coitus, what fraction (and its components) are released
fraction 3 (prostatic fluid)
