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Physiology > Lecture 1 - Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the brain is specific to mammals?

A

Neocortex

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2
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

To provide supportive care to neurons

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3
Q

What is characteristic of the neocortex?

A
  • 6 layer structure
  • Grooves (sulci) and folds (gyri) help to increase SA (greater # of neurons)
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4
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the neocortex?

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Temporal lobe
  4. Occipital lobe
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5
Q

Which part of the neocortex is responsible for communication?

A

Temporal lobe - variable in animals

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6
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in dogs?

A

36

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7
Q

What is the difference between an afferent neuron and an efferent neuron?

A

Afferent -> spinal cord

Efferent <- spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the typical resting membrane potential (RMP) of neurons?

A

Between -60mV to -70mV

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9
Q

What are the concentrations of ions outside the neuron at RMP?

A

Low K+

High Na+

High Cl-

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10
Q

What are the concentrations of ions inside the neuron at RMP? Organic ions?

A

High K+

Low Na+

Low Cl-

High OA- (proteins)

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11
Q

What regulates the RMP?

A
  • K+ leak channels
  • Na+/K+ ATPase
  • Negative proteins
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12
Q

Where does the driving force want K+ to move?

A

Out of the neuron

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13
Q

Where does the electrical force want K+ to move?

A

Stay inside the neuron

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14
Q

What are the two main types of passive transport channels?

A
  1. Ligand gated channels
  2. voltage gated channels
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15
Q

At what potential do voltage-gated sodium channels open?

A

-50mv to -55mV

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of an action potential?

A
  • All or none
  • Threshold potential of -50mV
  • Same magnitude regardless of stimulus
  • Travels in one direction along axon
  • Has a refractory period
  • Cannot be summed
  • Amplitude does not diminish
17
Q

What happens during depolarization?

A

An influx of Na+ into the axon through VG channels

18
Q

What happens at the peak of an action potential?

A

Na+ channels close and K+ channels open

19
Q

What happens during repolarization?

A

K+ flows out of the cell

20
Q

What happens during hyperpolarization (refractory period)?

A

Channels are closed and non-functional during absolute RF, Na+ VG channels are closed but functional during relative RF.

21
Q

What are characteristics of a graded potential?

A
  • No refractory period
  • Amplitude diminishes
  • Summed over time and space
  • Amplitude is proportional to stimulus
  • Happen in membrane of soma
  • Can be inhibitory or excitatory
22
Q

Where are action potentials initiated?

A

axon hillock

23
Q

Why do action potentials only propagate forward?

A

Because of the refractory period (hyperpolarization)

24
Q

What is the rate of action potential propagation determined by?

A
  1. Axon diameter (bigger = faster)
  2. Myelin sheath (more = faster)
25
Q

What are graded potentials?

A

Small fluctuations in membrane potential due to the opening of ion channels. Causes membrane to reach threshold and trigger action potential

26
Q

What can a graded potential be triggered by?

A

Input from other neurons (synaptic release)

27
Q

How does synaptic release occur?

A
  1. Depolarization reaches synapse
  2. Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ flows in
  3. Ca2+ triggers vesicular fusion to membrane and releases neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
  4. NT stimulates dendrites of next neuron
  5. NT’s are re-uptaken by transporters or metabolized
28
Q

What are the 3 amino acid neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Glutamate
  2. Glycine
  3. GABA
29
Q

What are ionotropic receptors and what do they do?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels. A NT binds to the channel and it opens to allow movement of ions. Channels are specific to specific NT’s. Signal quickly.

30
Q

What are metabotropic receptors?

A

Receptors linked to an ion channel through a signalling cascade involving secondary messengers. Has a slower and prolonged effect. G-protein coupled receptor.

31
Q

What is the most abundant neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate (excitatory)

-> Ionotropic and metabotropic

32
Q

What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain?

A

GABA

-> Ionotropic and metabotropic

33
Q

What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord?

A

Glycine

-> ionotropic only

Physiology (52 decks)

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