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Physiology > Lecture 27 - Reptile & Avian > Flashcards

Lecture 27 - Reptile & Avian Flashcards

1
Q

Do reptiles have a diaphragm

A

No

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2
Q

Do reptiles all have the same kind of heart

A

No - can be in different spots and have 2 cardiac morphologies (Chelonia & Squamata vs Crocodilia)

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3
Q

Compared to mammals, are reptiles more or less susceptible to adverse effects of hypoxia and changes in blood pH?

A

Much less susceptible - have great blood buffering systems

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4
Q

Do reptile hearts have pacemaker nodes or purkinje fibers

A

NO

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5
Q

How are contractions initiated in the reptile heart

A

Cardiac muscle fibers in sinus venosos - contractions spread from RA to LA then into the ventricles

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6
Q

Can you induce spontaneous contraction in reptile hearts if they’re outside the body

A

Yes - just touch it at sinus venosus

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7
Q

Reptile heart innervated by

A

Parasympathetic fibers in vagus nerve (cholinergic)
Sympathetic fibers (adrenergic) (less well developed)

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8
Q

In reptile hearts, are parasympathetic or sympathetic fibers more developed

A

Parasympathetic! This means sympathetic is less well developed and you don’t see rapid heart rate increases in reptiles

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9
Q

Is reptilian <3 rate slower or faster than birds/mammals

A

Slower

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10
Q

Reptilian heart rate relationship with body size

A

Inversely proportional

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11
Q

Reptilian heart rate relationship with body temperature

A

Directly proportional

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12
Q

Reptilian heart rate relationship with activity level

A

Directly proportional

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13
Q

Reptilian heart rate relationship with resp rate

A

Directly proportional

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14
Q

Reptilian heart rate relationship with hypovolemia

A

Directly proportional

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15
Q

Reptilian heart rate is directly proportional to all factors except ___________ where it’s inversely proportional

A

Body size

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16
Q

Do chelonians/squamates have a septum to separate R & L ventricle?

A

No, just have muscular ridges that move to separate some oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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17
Q

Do crocodiles have a 4 chambered heart

A

Yes

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18
Q

What is the foramen of panizza in crocodilian hearts

A

A shunt that separates the L & R aorta

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19
Q

What change opens/closes foramen of panizza

A

Pressure changes - ie if crocodile is diving/breath holding

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20
Q

In crocodile heart, blood from right ventricle goes to

A

Left aorta

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21
Q

Blood from right ventricle goes into

A

Left aorta

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22
Q

What is the cogwheel valve

A

Also called active valve, can close down

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23
Q

What is shunting in chelonians and squamates

A

Sending blood left to right during normal respirations

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24
Q

Shunting chelonians and squamates functions

A

Facilitation of CO2 removal from lungs
Minimize V/Q mismatches
Improve systemic oxygen transportation

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25
Q

Shunting happens right to left during anoxia - true or false

A

TRUE

26
Q

When crocodiles are breathing air (above water breathing) what is the pathway of blood (from each ventricle)?

A

Goes from RA to RV where blood goes to pulmonary artery and small amount goes to L aorta
Goes from LA to LV to R aorta

27
Q

When crocodiles are underwater or diving/breath-holding, what is the pathway of blood

A

RA to RV to LA and cogwheel valve shunts, blood wont go through pulmonary artery, instead pushed into L aorta and R aorta

28
Q

Do reptiles have a diaphragm

A

No

29
Q

Do reptiles have symmetrical lungs

A

Yes - they’re paired EXCEPT snakes where only right lung is present (left lung is vestigial

30
Q

Reptilian hemoglobin has lower oxygen affinity than mammals therefore

A

Oxygen delivery to tissues more effective even at low blood oxygen levels

31
Q

Where does the stimulus to breathe come from in reptiles

A

Low blood oxygen content

32
Q

High oxygen tension environments may suppress…

A

Spontaneous respiratory rate - therefore may not breathe well in O2 Chambers & do NOT want to use 100% O2 during anaesthesia

33
Q

Do chelonians have incomplete tracheal rings

A

NO! They are complete <3

34
Q

Do squamates have incomplete tracheal rings

A

Yes

35
Q

Do crocodiles have incomplete tracheal rings

A

NO! They’re complete

36
Q

Do birds have a high metabolic rate

A

Yes so high oxygen demands

37
Q

Where does the heart sit in the avian body

A

Tilted slightly to the right

38
Q

What is unique about bird hearts

A

They have a unique right AV valve - its a muscular flap, not a valve

Therefore, right sided heart failure is more common in birds

39
Q

Is the left Av valve in birds unique

A

It is tricuspid

40
Q

Birds what is the importance of the renal portal system

A

Caudal 1/2 of bird - if given any drug that causes renal problems/toxicity, this can be very dangerous as the renal portal system will bring the drug first to the kidneys and then to the circulation, so it causes renal damage

41
Q

Do birds have a larger or smaller stroke volume compared to mammals

A

Larger

42
Q

Is birds’ cardiac output lower or higher than mammals

A

Higher! 7x greater than dogs or humans relative to size

43
Q

Birds have increased collagen fibers in their cardiovascular system which means

A

Stiffer arteries to improve blood flow and maintain high blood pressure

44
Q

Do birds have a well developed purkinje fibre system

A

Yes - important because their myocardium is more sensitive to the effects of catecholamines

45
Q

Do birds have high myoglobin content in muscles

A

Yes

46
Q

Can birds shunt blood

A

No

47
Q

Avian erythrocytes have

A

Higher hemoglobin affinity

48
Q

Are birds more tolerant of blood loss than mammals

A

Yes - they have higher Hb affinity and high levels of myoglobin in muscles

49
Q

Do birds have a diaphragm

A

No

50
Q

Do birds have incomplete trachea rings

A

No

51
Q

Airsacs contribute to _____% of respiratory volume

A

80

52
Q

Air sacs act as

A

Functional bellows

53
Q

Bird lungs expansion/collapse level

A

Minimal expansion and contraction during respiration - 20% increase in SA compared to mammals

54
Q

(Birds) Minute ventilation rates 1.5-2x _______ compared to mammals due to

A

Greater , due to large tidal volume

55
Q

Are mammalian or bird lungs more efficient

A

Birds - 10x more efficient

56
Q

Why are bird lungs more efficient

A

Thin blood gas barrier
Cross and counter current flow
Unidirectional air flow

57
Q

Bird - 2 breaths to get the breath out steps

A

1st breath - air goes into air sacs
2nd breath - air goes into paleopulmonic parabronchi & out

58
Q

Respiratory rates of birds lower or higher than mammals

A

Lower

59
Q

Is the PaCO2 in birds higher or lower than mammals

A

Lower

60
Q

Birds have unique intrapulmonary chemoreceptors in lungs that are

A

Very sensitive CO2 receptors

Physiology (52 decks)

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