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Embryology > Repro - Physiology > Flashcards

Repro - Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Full development of sperm takes ____ months

A

2

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2
Q

Loss of cytoplasmic components and gain of acrosomal cap on sperm is called ____________

A

Spermiogenesis

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3
Q

Primary location for maturation and storage of sperm

A

Epididymis

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4
Q

Once sperm reach the female reproductive tract, an increase in [Ca] increases sperm mobility, acrosomal reaction takes place, and removal of inhibitory factors of semen

A

Capacitation

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5
Q

In the testes and ovary, LH stimulates this enzyme

A

Cholesterol Desmolase (Chol –> Progenelone)

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6
Q

Source of DHT and Testosterone

A

Testis

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7
Q

Source of Androstenedione

A

Adrenal

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8
Q

Potency of Testosterone, DHT, Androstenedione

A

DHT > Testosterone > Androstenedione

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9
Q

This androgen is responsible for:

  • Differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles (i.e. all internal genitalia except prostate_
A

Testosterone

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10
Q

This androgen is responsible for:

Growth spurt (penis, seminal vesicles, sperm, muscle, RBCs)

A

Testosterone

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11
Q

This androgen is responsible for:

Deepening of voice & Libido

A

Testosterone

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12
Q

This androgen is responsible for:

Closing of epiphyseal plates (via estrogen conversion)

A

Testosterone

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13
Q

This androgen is responsible for:

Early differentiation of penis, scrotum, prostate (i.e. external male genitalia)

A

DHT

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14
Q

This androgen is responsible for:

Late growth of prostate, balding, sebaceous gland activity

A

DHT

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15
Q

Testosterone is converted to DHT by the enzyme ___________, which is inhibited by __________

A

5-alpha-reductase

Finasteride

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16
Q

Testosterone and androstenedione are converted to estrogen in adipose tissue and ___________ cells by the enzyme aromatase.

A

Leydig

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17
Q

In males, FSH stimulates __________ cells to produce ________ and __________.

A

Sertoli
ABP
Inhibin

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18
Q

Inhibin feedbacks negatively on the __________ and is an indicator of spermatogenesis.

A

AP

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19
Q

In males, LH stimulates __________ cells to produce testosterone, which feedbacks on the AP and HP

A

Leydig

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20
Q

Source of 17B-estradiol

A

ovary

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21
Q

Source of Estriol

A

Placenta

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22
Q

Source of Estrone

A

Adipose tissue, via aromatization

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23
Q

Potency of estriol, estradiol, estrone

A

Estradiol > Estrone > Estriol

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24
Q

This hormone is responsible for:

Development of genitalia and breast, female fat distribution

A

Estrogen

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25
Q

This hormone is responsible for:

Growth of follicle, endometrial proliferation, increased myometrial excitability

A

Estrogen

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26
Q

In pregnancy, there is a 50x increase in __________ and __________

A

Estradiol

Estrone

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27
Q

In pregnancy, there is a 1000x increase in __________, which is an indicator of fetal well-being

A

Estriol

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28
Q

This hormone is responsible for:

Increase in transport proteins, SHBG; increase in HDL, decrease in LDL

A

Estrogen

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29
Q

This hormone initially negatively feedbacks on FSH and LH, but as levels rise, it causes the LH surge

A

Estrogen

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30
Q

LH stimulates desmolase in the _________ cells of the follicle, which produces androstenedione

A

Theca

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31
Q

Androstenedione produced in the theca cells is converted to estrogen by aromatase in the __________ cells surrounding the follicle

A

Granulosa

32
Q

FSH stimulates ___________ enzyme in the granulosa cells to convert androstenedione into estrogen

A

Aromatase

33
Q

Elevated progesterone is indicative of _____________

A

Ovulation

34
Q

This hormone is responsible for:

Stimulates ciliary activity and contractility of ovary

A

Estrogen

35
Q

This hormone is responsible for:

Stimulation of endometrial glandular secretions and spinal artery development

A

Progesterone

36
Q

This hormone is responsible for:

Decreased myometrial excitability

A

Progesterone

37
Q

This hormone is responsible for:

Increased body temperature

A

Progesterone

38
Q

This hormone is responsible for:

Decreasing estrogen receptor sensitivity

A

Progesterone

39
Q

This hormone is responsible for:

Differentiation of vaginal cells, but inhibits their proliferation

A

Progesterone

40
Q

In puberty, what is higher - LH or FSH?

A

LH

41
Q

Appearance of public and axillary hair precedes gonardche and is dependent on increased secretion of androgens from ____________

A

Adrenal gland

42
Q

Puberty is preceded by adrenarche, marking an increase of adrenal androgen production between ages ______

A

6–10

43
Q

The first physical sign of puberty in girls is usually a firm, tender lump under the center of the areola of one or both breasts, occurring on average at about ______ of age. This is referred to as thelarche.

A

10.5

44
Q

Puberty that begins before age 8 in girls and before age 9 in boys is considered _____________.

A

Precocious

45
Q

Puberty cannot be considered to be pathologically delayed until the menarche has failed to occur by the age of 18 or testicular development by the age of 20

A

Fun Fact

46
Q

Tanner Stage - Childhood

A

I

47
Q

Tanner Stage - Pubic hair appears (pubarche) and breast bud forms (thelarche)

A

II

48
Q

Tanner Stage - Pubic hair darkens and becomes curly; penis size/length increases; breast enlarges

A

III

49
Q

Tanner Stage - Penis width increases, darker scrotal skin, development of glans; raised areloae

A

IV

50
Q

Tanner Stage - Adult; areolae are no longer raised

A

V

51
Q

In boys, ___________________ is the first physical manifestation of puberty

A

testicular enlargement

52
Q

Follicular phase is fastest during the ______ week of proliferative phase

A

2nd week

53
Q

Oligomenorrhea is defined as > ____ day cycle

A

35

54
Q

Polymenhorrhea is defined as < ____ day cycle

A

21

55
Q

Frequent, but irregular menstruation

A

Metrorrhagia

56
Q

Heavy, irregular menstruation at irregular intervals

A

Menometrorrhagia

57
Q

Mestruation occurs via ___________ of endometrial cells

A

Apoptosis

58
Q

Ovulation is characterized by estrogen surge and increased concentration of __________ receptors on AP.

A

GnRH

59
Q

Blood from a ruptured follicle or follicular enlargement can cause peritoneal irritation that can mimic appendicitis

A

Mittelschmerz

60
Q

Meiosis II oocytes are arrested in _________ until fertilization

A

Metaphase II

61
Q

__________ is the precursor for the production of progesterone and estrogen in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy

A

Cholesterol

62
Q

The placenta, fetal adrenal glands, and fetal liver all work together to produce ____________ in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. ________ is a precursor of the estriol.

A

Estriol

16-OH DHEA sulfate

63
Q

Fertilization most commonly occurs in the _______________ within 1 day of ovulation

A

ampulla - upper end of fallopian tube

64
Q

Implantation within the wall of the uterus occurs ______ days after fertilization

A

5-6 days

65
Q

___________ secrete b-HCG, which is detectable in the blood _____________ week after conception and on home urinary test __________ weeks after.

A

Trophoblasts (Synctioblasts)
1
2

66
Q

After labor, the decrease in ____________ disinhibits lactation

A

Estrogen/Progesterone

67
Q

Suckling increases these two hormones needed for lactation

A

Oxytocin - milk letdown (contracts myoepithelial cells)

Prolactin - induces and maintains lactation and inhibits GnRH

68
Q

__________ can be used to induce labor and prevent post-partum bleeding because it is believed to be involved in uterine contraction

A

Oxytocin

69
Q

___________ can inhibit oxytocin

A

Opioids

70
Q

Maintains the corpus luteum (progesterone) for the first trimester by acting like LH

A

B-HCG, synctiotrophoblasts

71
Q

Average age of menopause onset is ____ and is earlier in ____________

A

51

Smokers

72
Q

Estrogen is decreased in menopause - what about LH, FSH, and GnRH?

A

FSH > LH (no surge)

GnRH increased

73
Q

The source of estrogen (estrone) after menopause becomes peripheral conversion of androgens via __________. An increase in androgens can cause hirsutism.

A

aromatase

obese people less susceptible

74
Q

Elevated _______ is the best test to confirm menopause

A

FSH

75
Q

Signs of _______________

Hirsutism
Hot flashes
Atrophy of Vagina 
Osteoporosis
CAD

HHAVOC

A

Menopause

76
Q

Menopause before age 40 can indicate _______________

A

premature ovarian failure

Embryology (16 decks)

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