Repro - Physiology Flashcards by Jasmine Rana

Q

Full development of sperm takes ____ months

A

2

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Q

Loss of cytoplasmic components and gain of acrosomal cap on sperm is called ____________

A

Spermiogenesis

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Q

Primary location for maturation and storage of sperm

A

Epididymis

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Q

Once sperm reach the female reproductive tract, an increase in [Ca] increases sperm mobility, acrosomal reaction takes place, and removal of inhibitory factors of semen

A

Capacitation

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Q

In the testes and ovary, LH stimulates this enzyme

A

Cholesterol Desmolase (Chol –> Progenelone)

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Q

Source of DHT and Testosterone

A

Testis

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Q

Source of Androstenedione

A

Adrenal

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Q

Potency of Testosterone, DHT, Androstenedione

A

DHT > Testosterone > Androstenedione

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Q

This androgen is responsible for:

Differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles (i.e. all internal genitalia except prostate_

A

Testosterone

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Q

This androgen is responsible for:

Growth spurt (penis, seminal vesicles, sperm, muscle, RBCs)

A

Testosterone

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Q

This androgen is responsible for:

Deepening of voice & Libido

A

Testosterone

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Q

This androgen is responsible for:

Closing of epiphyseal plates (via estrogen conversion)

A

Testosterone

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Q

This androgen is responsible for:

Early differentiation of penis, scrotum, prostate (i.e. external male genitalia)

A

DHT

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Q

This androgen is responsible for:

Late growth of prostate, balding, sebaceous gland activity

A

DHT

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Q

Testosterone is converted to DHT by the enzyme ___________, which is inhibited by __________

A

5-alpha-reductase

Finasteride

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Q

Testosterone and androstenedione are converted to estrogen in adipose tissue and ___________ cells by the enzyme aromatase.

A

Leydig

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Q

In males, FSH stimulates __________ cells to produce ________ and __________.

A

Sertoli
ABP
Inhibin

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Q

Inhibin feedbacks negatively on the __________ and is an indicator of spermatogenesis.

A

AP

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Q

In males, LH stimulates __________ cells to produce testosterone, which feedbacks on the AP and HP

A

Leydig

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Q

Source of 17B-estradiol

A

ovary

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Q

Source of Estriol

A

Placenta

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Q

Source of Estrone

A

Adipose tissue, via aromatization

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Q

Potency of estriol, estradiol, estrone

A

Estradiol > Estrone > Estriol

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Q

This hormone is responsible for:

Development of genitalia and breast, female fat distribution

A

Estrogen

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This hormone is responsible for: Growth of follicle, endometrial proliferation, increased myometrial excitability

Estrogen

In pregnancy, there is a 50x increase in __________ and __________

Estradiol | Estrone

In pregnancy, there is a 1000x increase in __________, which is an indicator of fetal well-being

Estriol

This hormone is responsible for: Increase in transport proteins, SHBG; increase in HDL, decrease in LDL

Estrogen

This hormone initially negatively feedbacks on FSH and LH, but as levels rise, it causes the LH surge

Estrogen

LH stimulates desmolase in the _________ cells of the follicle, which produces androstenedione

Theca

Androstenedione produced in the theca cells is converted to estrogen by aromatase in the __________ cells surrounding the follicle

Granulosa

FSH stimulates ___________ enzyme in the granulosa cells to convert androstenedione into estrogen

Aromatase

Elevated progesterone is indicative of _____________

Ovulation

This hormone is responsible for: Stimulates ciliary activity and contractility of ovary

Estrogen

This hormone is responsible for: Stimulation of endometrial glandular secretions and spinal artery development

Progesterone

This hormone is responsible for: Decreased myometrial excitability

Progesterone

This hormone is responsible for: Increased body temperature

Progesterone

This hormone is responsible for: Decreasing estrogen receptor sensitivity

Progesterone

This hormone is responsible for: Differentiation of vaginal cells, but inhibits their proliferation

Progesterone

In puberty, what is higher - LH or FSH?

LH

Appearance of public and axillary hair precedes gonardche and is dependent on increased secretion of androgens from ____________

Adrenal gland

Puberty is preceded by adrenarche, marking an increase of adrenal androgen production between ages ______

6–10

The first physical sign of puberty in girls is usually a firm, tender lump under the center of the areola of one or both breasts, occurring on average at about ______ of age. This is referred to as thelarche.

10.5

Puberty that begins before age 8 in girls and before age 9 in boys is considered _____________.

Precocious

Puberty cannot be considered to be pathologically delayed until the menarche has failed to occur by the age of 18 or testicular development by the age of 20

Fun Fact

Tanner Stage - Childhood

I

Tanner Stage - Pubic hair appears (pubarche) and breast bud forms (thelarche)

II

Tanner Stage - Pubic hair darkens and becomes curly; penis size/length increases; breast enlarges

III

Tanner Stage - Penis width increases, darker scrotal skin, development of glans; raised areloae

IV

Tanner Stage - Adult; areolae are no longer raised

V

In boys, ___________________ is the first physical manifestation of puberty

testicular enlargement

Follicular phase is fastest during the ______ week of proliferative phase

2nd week

Oligomenorrhea is defined as > ____ day cycle

35

Polymenhorrhea is defined as < ____ day cycle

21

Frequent, but irregular menstruation

Metrorrhagia

Heavy, irregular menstruation at irregular intervals

Menometrorrhagia

Mestruation occurs via ___________ of endometrial cells

Apoptosis

Ovulation is characterized by estrogen surge and increased concentration of __________ receptors on AP.

GnRH

Blood from a ruptured follicle or follicular enlargement can cause peritoneal irritation that can mimic appendicitis

Mittelschmerz

Meiosis II oocytes are arrested in _________ until fertilization

Metaphase II

__________ is the precursor for the production of progesterone and estrogen in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy

Cholesterol

The placenta, fetal adrenal glands, and fetal liver all work together to produce ____________ in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. ________ is a precursor of the estriol.

Estriol 16-OH DHEA sulfate

Fertilization most commonly occurs in the _______________ within 1 day of ovulation

ampulla - upper end of fallopian tube

Implantation within the wall of the uterus occurs ______ days after fertilization

5-6 days

___________ secrete b-HCG, which is detectable in the blood _____________ week after conception and on home urinary test __________ weeks after.

Trophoblasts (Synctioblasts) 1 2

After labor, the decrease in ____________ disinhibits lactation

Estrogen/Progesterone

Suckling increases these two hormones needed for lactation

Oxytocin - milk letdown (contracts myoepithelial cells) | Prolactin - induces and maintains lactation and inhibits GnRH

__________ can be used to induce labor and prevent post-partum bleeding because it is believed to be involved in uterine contraction

Oxytocin

___________ can inhibit oxytocin

Opioids

Maintains the corpus luteum (progesterone) for the first trimester by acting like LH

B-HCG, synctiotrophoblasts

Average age of menopause onset is ____ and is earlier in ____________

51 | Smokers

Estrogen is decreased in menopause - what about LH, FSH, and GnRH?

FSH > LH (no surge) | GnRH increased

The source of estrogen (estrone) after menopause becomes peripheral conversion of androgens via __________. An increase in androgens can cause hirsutism.

aromatase obese people less susceptible

Elevated _______ is the best test to confirm menopause

FSH

Signs of _______________ ``` Hirsutism Hot flashes Atrophy of Vagina Osteoporosis CAD ``` HHAVOC

Menopause

Menopause before age 40 can indicate _______________

premature ovarian failure