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Embryology > Early landmarks > Flashcards

Early landmarks Flashcards

1
Q

(Day 0) Capacitation

A

Maturation process of the sperm that results in hyperactivity and activation of the sperm’s acrosomal coat

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2
Q

(Day 0) Acrosomal reaction

A

Acrosome releases enzymes upon reaching zona pellucida to degrade it

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3
Q

(Day 0) Fast block the polyspermy

A

Occurs once sperm has fused to membrane of the oocyte, allowing Na+ to enter the cell, depolarizing oocyte and repelling other sperms

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4
Q

(Day 0) Slow block to polyspermy

A

Cascade of events that occurs because Calcium enters the cell, causing changes to oocyte membrane and prevents other sperms from binding to receptors on the oocyte membrane

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5
Q

(Week 1) Morula

A

16 to 32 cell stage - resides in cervical os

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6
Q

(Week 1) Blastocyst

A

Free of zona pellucida (prevents premature implantation)
Inner cell mass (embryoblast)
Outer cell mass (trophoblast)

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7
Q

Week of 2s - Germ Layers (Bilaminar Disc)

A

embryoblast reorganizes into:

  1. hypoblast (ventral layer)
  2. epiblast (dorsal columnar cells adjacent to amnion)
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8
Q

Week of 2s - Cavities

A
  1. amniotic (dorsal to epiblast)

2. yolk sac (ventral to the hypoblast)

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9
Q

Week of 2s - Placental Layers

A

trophoblast organizes into:

  1. cytotrophoblast - inner proliferative layer that provides additional trophoblast cells
  2. synctiotrophoblast - thick outer layer without cell boundaries that invades the endometrim as the chorionic villi
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10
Q

Week of 2s - Extraembryonic Mesoderm Layers

A

Derived from yolk sac – a loose connective tissue that forms between the trophoblast and embryoblast

Splits to line tropho/embryo (remains connected at the connecting stalk, which later becomes the umbilical cord)

  1. splanchnopleuric - inner layer lining embryo
  2. somatopleuric - lining inner surface of cytotrophoblast
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11
Q

(Week 2) Lacunae

A

Connections between synctiotrophoblast and maternal vessles that form primitive uteroplacental circulation

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12
Q

(Week 2) Decidual Reaction

A

Cells in decidua (functional layer of the endometrium) enlarge b/c accumulate lipid and gluyogen to provide nourishment for the embryo until placenta is vascularized

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13
Q

Week of 3s - Germ Layers (Gastrulation)

A

Primitive node/streak near caudal end forms in epiblast layer

  1. Ectoderm - remaining epiblast
  2. Mesoderm - new layer formed between old layers
  3. Endoderm - Original hypoblast displaced by definitive endoderm from overlying epiblast cells
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14
Q

Week of 3s - Cavities

A
  1. Chorionic - from the extraembryonic mesoderm being “opened up”
  2. Amniotic
  3. Yolk
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15
Q

Week of 3s - Three Placental Layers

A
  1. Synctiotrophoblast
  2. Cytotrophoblast
  3. Chorionic mesoderm (from extraembryonic lining the inside of the cytotrophoblast cells)
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16
Q

Week of 3s - Three Body Axis

A
  1. Craniocaudal
  2. Dorsoventral
  3. Right-left
17
Q

(Week 3) This is derived from mesoderm, formed during gastrulation, and sends signals for the induction of the neural tube, somites, and other surrounding structures

A

Notochord

Resides in the middle of the mesoderm and induces a thickening of the ectoderm above it that eventually forms a neural tube

18
Q

This begins as a diverticulum of the yolk sac at the posterior wall

A

Allantois

19
Q

(Weeks 3-8) Neural tube formation begins at ______ and closes by Week ___.

A

1) Neck region
Proceeds in both caudal and cranial directions
Cephalic is completed first

2) Closes by Week 4

20
Q

(Weeks 3-8) The paraxial mesoderm lies next to (“para”) the ________

A

Neural tube

21
Q

(Weeks 3-8) The intermediate mesoderm lies between (“intermediate”) __________

A

Paraxial and Lateral Mesoderm

22
Q

(Weeks 3-8) The lateral mesoderm lies _______ to the other mesodermal segments

A

Lateral

23
Q

The heart begins to beat during Week ___

A

3-4

24
Q

The upper and lower limb buds begin to form during Week __

A

3-4

“4 weeks, 4 limbs”

25
Q

By Week ___, genitalia have male or female characteristics

A

10

26
Q

By Week ___ muscle and cartilage formation begins

A

4-5

27
Q

By Week ___ cardiac septa form and AV cusions fuse

A

4-5

28
Q

By Week ___ craniofacial development begins

A

4-5

Embryology (16 decks)

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