Repro - Path Flashcards
_________________ and _________________ is associated with polyhydramnios ( > 1.5 - 2 L of fluid)
- Esophageal/Duodenal atresia
2. Anencephaly
Associations with oligohydramnios ( > 0.5 L of fluid), which can give rise to Potter’s syndrome (flat face, low set ears, defects of extremities)
- Bilateral renal agenesis
2. Posterior urethral valves (males)
E6 product inhibits p53 suppressor gene
HPV 16
E7 product inhibits RB suppressor gene
HPV 18
1 risk factor for HPV
multiple sexual partners
other risk factors for HPV
smoking, HIV, early sexual intercourse
Treatment for acute endometritis
gentamycin + clindamycin with or without ampicillin
vaginal/gut flora
Endometrial Carcinoma can arise from 1_____ or 2______
Endometrial hyperplasia –> Endometriod (60 yrs)
Sporadic –> Serous, Papillary, Psommoma, p53 (70 yrs)
What is the most important predictor for endometrial hyperplasia progression to carcinoma?
Nuclear atypia
Gynecologic tumor epidemiology - what are the three most common tumors
Endometrial > Ovarian > Cervical (most common worldwide)
Pregnancy, PCOS, HPO axis issues, premature ovarian failure (less than 40 yrs), hyperprolactinemia, thyroid disorders, eating disorders, Cushing’s syndrome, adrenal insufficiency are the…
Most common causes of anovulation
Most common causes of orchitis/acute prostatitis in younger men
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea
Most common causes of orchitis/acute prostatitis in older men
E. Coli and Pseudomonas
“tender and boggy prostate” on PE
acute prostatis
dysuria + pelvic/low back pain + WBC in secretion, but no cultures
chronic prostatis
Hormone levels in bilateral cryptorchidism
Decreased testosterone (may be normal, Leydig aren’t temp sensitive, generally normal in unilateral)
Less inhibin, Up FSH, Up LH
__________ increases risk for cryptorchidism
prematurity
Most common cause of scrotal enlargement in males
Varicocele (“bag of worms”)
These tumors are NOT biopsied due to risk of seeding the scrotum
Testicular Tumors
Most are malignant
Most common testicular tumor (risk factors: Klinefelter’s and cryptorchidism)
Germ Cell - Seminoma
These type of germ cell tumors are highly responsive to radiotherapy, metastasize late, and have excellent prognosis. They form a homogenous mass with no hemorrhage or necrosis. Elevated placental AlkPhos (PLAP)
Seminomas
___________________ is a malignant germ cell tumor comprised of immature, primitive cells that may produce glands. Forms a hemhorragic mass with necrosis.
Embryonal Carcinoma
Chemo of this tumor may result in differentiation into another type of germ cell tumor (e.g. teratoma)
Embryonal Carcinoma
Embryonoal Carcinoma can have elevated _____ or _______
AFP (mixed)
BHCG (pure)
Most common germ cell tumor in children
Yolk Salk, Endodermal
Schiller Duval
Yolk Salk, Endometriod (AFP elevated)
This germ cell tumor may lead to hyperthyroidism or gynecomastia
Choriocarcinoma - BHCG - the ALPHA subunit is similar to that of FSH, LH, and TSH
This type of germ cell tumor is usually benign in females, but malignant in males
Teratoma (AFP or BHCG may be elevated)
Large Cells in lobules with watery cytoplasm and “fried egg” appearance
Seminoma
Reinke Crystals
Leydig Cell Tumor
_________ is comprised of tubules and is usually clinically silent
Sertoli
Most common cause of testicular mass in males > 60 years old; often bilateral
Lymphoma, usually diffuse large B
Dilated Epididymal Duct is harmless and is called a…
Spermatocele
This is fluid in scrotum (tunica vaginalis) secondary to incomplete fusion of process vaginalis (infants) or blockage of lymphatic drainage (adults)
Hydrocele
