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Spring 2014 > Repro exam 1 > Flashcards

Repro exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

In general, where are the ovaries located? Be specific

A

Variable due to species and pregnancy

Generally caudal to kidneys and close to tips of uterine horns

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1
Q

What are the 2 major functions of the ovaries?

A

Produce ova

Produce sex hormones

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2
Q

Extension of peritoneum that suspends the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus

A

Broad ligament

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3
Q

What are the 3 ligaments that suspend the ovary in the abdomen?

A

Mesovarium
Suspensory ligament
Proper ligament

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4
Q

Be able to state where the ovarian ligaments are located

A

Mesovarium: suspends ovaries from the abdominal wall below and to either side of the lumbar vertebrae
Proper ligament: runs from caudal pole of ovary to tip of adjacent uterine horn
Suspensory ligament: attaches ovary to the last 1 or 2 ribs

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5
Q

In which of the ovarian ligaments are found the ovarian artery and vein?

A

Mesovarium

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6
Q

Which of the ovarian ligaments must a surgeon typically stretch and break when performing an ovariohysterectomy in a dog or cat?

A

Mesovarium and suspensory ligament

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7
Q

What is significant about the ovarian bursa?

A

Sac-like cavity that can be surrounded by fat, making it hard to see the actual ovary

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8
Q

In what species is an ovarian bursa found?

A

Canine & feline

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9
Q

What species is an ovulation fossa found?

A

Equine

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10
Q

What is significant about an ovulation fossa?

A

Specialized structure where ovum leaves ovary during ovulation
Other species: ovum leaves ovary from random location

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11
Q

How do sow ovaries differ from other mammals?

A

They are lobulated

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12
Q

In what region of the ovary are the germinal epithelium cells and follicles located?

A

Cortex (outer portion)

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13
Q

Transient structure formed from cells lining ruptured follicles
Releases hormones

A

Corpus luteum

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14
Q

What function(s) does the uterine tube serve?

A

Captures ovum released during ovulation

Moves sperm from uterus toward ovum

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15
Q

Where does fertilization of the ovum typically occur?

A

Uterine tube

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16
Q

Proximal portion of the uterine tube, closest to the ovary

Covers ovary and catches ovum during ovulation

A

Infundibulum

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17
Q

Explain how an abdominal pregnancy could occur

A

Ovum could slip out in the space between the ovary and uterine tube into the abdomen
If fertilized in the abdomen, an abdominal pregnancy can occur

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18
Q

Fringe-like margin of the infundibulum

Creates current to sweep ovum into uterine tube

A

Fimbria

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19
Q

Portion of the broad ligament that suspends the uterine tube

A

Mesosalpinx

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20
Q

Describe the basic anatomy of the uterus

A

Uterine tubes empty into the horns of the uterus

Horns continue causally to form the body

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21
Q

Ligament that joins the caudal parts of the horns in the cow, causing the body to appear larger than it really is

A

Intercornual ligament

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22
Q

Non-glandular mushroom like projections from the inner surface of the ruminant uteri where fetal membranes attach

A

Caruncles

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23
Q

Why are caruncles significant?

A

Fetal membranes attach at these sites in ruminants

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24
Q

Muscle of the uterus

A

Myometrium

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25
Q

Portion of the broad ligament suspending the uterus

A

Mesometrium

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26
Q

Where is the cervix located?

A

Between the uterus and vagina

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27
Q

What determines if the cervix is opened or closed?

A

Hormonal status

Closed except during estrus (heat) and parturition

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28
Q

The cervix produces mucus, which at times can be thin, watery, and slippery, while at other times it can be thick & sticky. What causes the consistency to change?

A

Hormonal changes during the estrous cycle

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the mucus produced by the cervix?

A

Thin and slippery: acts as lubricant

Thick & sticky: plugs opening to cervical canal

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30
Q

In what species are annular folds found?

A

Bovine

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31
Q

What is the significance of annular folds?

A

Inner lining of cow’s cervix arranged in series of circular rings, causing canal to have an almost spiral course

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32
Q

What does copulation mean

A

Act of breeding

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33
Q

What does parturition mean

A

Act of giving birth

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34
Q

What are the 2 major types of epithelial cells found in the vagina?

A

Stratified squamous

Stratified columnar

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35
Q

Area surrounding the projection of the cervix into the vagina

A

Fornix

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36
Q

What is significant about the fornix?

A

Fold of dorsal vaginal wall may hang over cervix, obscuring its opening

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37
Q

Portion of the Repro tract between the vagina and vulva

Has Repro and urinary functions

A

Vaginal vestibule

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38
Q

Blind pouch below urethral orifice in cows

A

Suburethral diverticulum

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39
Q

What is the significance about the vagina vestibule and Suburethral diverticulum?

A

Can mistake this area for the vagina during artificial insemination

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40
Q

Transverse fold of tissue that lies over the urethral orifice

A

Hymen

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41
Q

The top and bottom junction of the labia are known as

A

Commissures: dorsal and ventral

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42
Q

Located just within the ventral commissure

Same embryologic origin as penis

A

Clitoris

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43
Q

How is the clitoris similar to the penis?

A

2 crura, body, glans
Erectile tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium
Rich in sensory nerve endings

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44
Q

Where is the perineum found?

A

Tissues between the anus and vulva

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45
Q

What is significant about the perineum?

A

Occasionally site of herniation of abdominal contents

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46
Q

Immediately deep to skin
Fibroelastic tissue mixed with smooth muscle cells
Passes between testes to contribute to formation of scrotal septum
Contracts in response to cold temps to hold testicles closer to body

A

Tunica dartos

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47
Q

What happens to spermatogenesis as the temp increases?

A

If temp rises above 80F, semen quality begins to decrease

When ambient temp >100F, scrotal cooling mechanism cannot keep testicle below normal body temp = spermatogenesis stops

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48
Q

What are the 2 major functions of the testicle?

A

Spermatogenesis

Production of testosterone

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49
Q

What occurs in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogenesis

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50
Q

These cells secrete testosterone

Located in the connective tissue between the seminiferous tubules

A

Interstitial cells of leydig

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51
Q

Closely adhered to testicle

Heavy fibrous capsule

A

Tunica albuginea

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52
Q

Tissue adhered to the tunica albuginea

A

Visceral vaginal tunic

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53
Q

Tissue between the areolar tissue and visceral vaginal tunic

Continuous with it

A

Parietal vaginal tunic

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54
Q

What type of castration?
Tunics incised
Testicular vessel, ductus deferens, and cremaster muscle are ligated directly or individually

A

Open castration

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55
Q

What type of castration?
Tunics not incised
Testicular vessels, ductus deferens, and cremaster muscle all ligated together in the spermatic cord

A

Closed castration

56
Q

What are the advantages if a closed castration?

A

Reduced risk of hemorrhage from vaginal tunics
Rapid & routine techniques
Body cavity not opened: infection unlikely, decreased likelihood of seeding peritoneal cavity with neoplastic cells

57
Q

What are the disadvantages of a closed castration?

A

Cannot pull spermatic cord as far out of the body during clamping/ligation process
Ligatures can be indirectly placed on testicular artery and vein

58
Q

What occurs in the epididymis?

A

Spermatozoa maturation

59
Q

What is the gubernaculum testis?

A

Band of connective tissue

60
Q

What is the significance of the gubernaculum testis as it relates to the location of the testicles in the body?

A

Connects the tail of the epididymis to the scrotum

61
Q

What structures make up the spermatic cord?

A

Cremaster muscle, ductus deferens, testicular vessels and nerves

62
Q

This controls the location of the scrotum with regard to distance from the rest of the body

A

Cremaster muscle

63
Q

Where is the inguinal ring found?

A

Space between the external and internal inguinal rings

Passage from abdominal cavity into the scrotum

64
Q

What can happen if the inguinal canal is too large?

A

Inguinal hernia: loop of bowel can enter the scrotum

65
Q

Are inguinal canals found only in males?

A

Yes

66
Q

Where do testes originate in the embryo?

A

Just caudal to the kidneys

67
Q

What does the term cryptorchid mean?

A

Hidden testes

Testicle fails to descend

68
Q

In general, are bilateral cryptorchid males fertile?

A

No, usually sterile

69
Q

Doe cryptorchidism affect the production of the male sex hormone?

A

No, production of testosterone is unaffected

70
Q

In what species is cryptorchidism a dominant trait?

A

Stallion and boar

71
Q

A cryptorchid testicle has a higher chance of developing…

A

Neoplasia (cancer)

72
Q

The proper word for the material that leaves the male during copulation is….

A

Ejaculate

73
Q

Part of the ductus deferens
Glandular enlargement in the terminal ductus deferens
Contributes fluid to semen

A

Ampullae

74
Q

In what species is the ampullae found?

A

Well developed in: equine, bovine, ovine

Small in canine

75
Q

Paired glands that empty along with the ductus deferens into the pelvis urethra

A

Vesicular glands/seminal vesicles

76
Q

What species lack seminal vesicles?

A

Canine

77
Q

About what percentage does the seminal vesicles contribute to the total volume of the discharge from the male?

A

70%

78
Q

What is the purpose of fructose in the fluid contributed by the seminal vesicles?

A

Provides energy to the spermatozoa to power their movement in the female repro tract

79
Q

Describe the appearance of the prostate gland in the dog

A

Unpaired, discrete, walnut shaped

80
Q

What purpose does the fluid produced by the prostate appear to serve?

A

It has basic pH which appears to neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina

81
Q

What are the symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy?

A

Gland swells as dog ages
Can occlude urethra, making urination difficult
Can press against the rectum, causing constipation like symptoms
Also susceptible to infection and neoplasia

82
Q

What happens to the prostate gland if testosterone levels are reduced?

A

Atrophy

83
Q

Small, paired glands caudal to the other accessory sex glands
Not present in dogs

A

Bulbourethral glands

84
Q

What is the purpose of the product of the bulbourethral gland?

A

Produces clear, viscous fluid that flushes residual urine from urethra and lubricates urethra for passage of spermatozoa

85
Q

Describe the basic process by which an erection occurs

A

Erection occurs when more blood enters the penis by way of the arterial supply than leaves through the veins
Increase in blood volume enlarges the penis and makes it turgid
Controlled by hormonal and nervous input

86
Q

What is the sigmoid flexure?

A

S-shaped curve of the corpora penis

87
Q

What species have a sigmoid flexure?

A

Bull, ram, boar

88
Q

Bone in penis of canine that partially surrounds the urethra

Allows intromission before full erection occurs

A

Os penis

89
Q

Describe some ways the os penis can cause difficulties for the male dog

A

Urethral stones may become lodged in this part of the urethra

90
Q

What does intromission mean?

A

Inserting the penis into the vagina in sexual intercourse

91
Q

Free extremity of the penis

A

Glandis penis

92
Q

Free portion of the urethra that projects beyond the glans

A

Urethral process

93
Q

In what species is the urethral process present?

A

Stallions and rams

94
Q

In what species are epithelial spines found on the penis?

A

Felines

95
Q

What is the purpose of the epithelial spines?

A

Stimulate female to ovulate

96
Q

What species has a bulbis glandis?

A

Canines

97
Q

What purpose does the bulbis glandis appear to serve?

A

Ties dogs together after mating

Seems to help with impregnating the bitch

98
Q

What happens if the bulbis glandis becomes filled with blood prior to intromission?

A

Penis will not fit into vagina

99
Q

Invaginate fold of skin surrounding the glans

A

Prepuce

100
Q

When penis is unable to retract back into the prepuce

A

Paraphimosis

101
Q

In what specific structure in the testicle does spermatogenesis take place?

A

Seminiferous tubules

102
Q

Cells which will eventually produce spermatozoa or ova

A

Germinal epithelium

103
Q

Diploid cells near periphery of the seminiferous tubules

A

Spermatogonium

104
Q

Are primary spermatocytes diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid

105
Q

Are secondary spermatocytes diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

106
Q

How many spermatogenesis result from each spermatogonium?

A

4, each is haploid

107
Q

Where do spermatozoa become motile?

A

Epididymis

108
Q

Where do spermatozoa complete the maturation process?

A

Female repro tract

109
Q

This hormone released from the hypothalamus

Stimulates pituitary gland to produce and secrete increased amounts of FSH and LH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone, GnRH

110
Q

Hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland

Stimulates mammary production and synthesis of milk

A

Prolactin

111
Q

Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

Stimulates uterine contractions and milk letdown

A

Oxytocin

112
Q

Hormone released from pituitary gland
In female: causes follicles in ovary to develop and enlarge
In males: stimulates spermatogenesis along with testosterone and LH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone, FSH

113
Q

FSH production is inhibited by what 2 hormones that are secreted by follicles in females

A

Estrogen and inhibin

114
Q

Estrogen stimulates production of this hormone

A

Luteinizing hormone, LH

115
Q

This hormone causes final maturation of follicle, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum from remaining follicular tissue after release of the oocyte
Released from pituitary gland

A

Luteinizing hormone, LH

116
Q

These 2 species are induced ovulators

A

Queen and rabbit (doe)

117
Q

In males, LH is sometimes called this

Stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone

A

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone, ICSH

118
Q

A group of steroid hormones with similar physiologic activity
Produced by follicles and placenta
Estradiol is most important one

A

Estrogen

119
Q

Estrogen causes what type of feedback on FSH

A

Negative

120
Q

Estrogen causes what type of feedback on LH

A

Positive

121
Q

This hormone causes female sexual behavior

A

Estrogen

122
Q

Hormone secreted by follicles

Inhibits FSH secretion

A

Inhibin

123
Q

A group of steroid hormones with similar physiologic activity
Progesterone is most important

A

Progestins

124
Q

Hormone produced by mature corpus luteum on ovary and by placenta
Has negative feedback on LH
Maintains pregnancy
In most species, causes female to reject male

A

Progesterone

125
Q

False pregnancy

A

Pseudocyesis

126
Q

Uterus filled with pus, usually in older dogs

A

Pyometra

127
Q

Group of hormone-like lipids

Released from cells throughout the body

A

Prostaglandins

128
Q

This prostaglandin is produced by endometrium of non-pregnant uterus
May be stimulated by estrogen
Blocked by pregnancy

A

PGF 2alpha

129
Q

Levels of this hormone decline after ovulation

Removes the negative feedback suppression of FSH production

A

Estrogen

130
Q

Rising levels of FSH cause new wave of what?

Occurs even while corpus luteum from previous ovulation is still functional

A

Follicular development

131
Q

PGF 2alpha levels rise in response to what type of estrogen levels
This causes luteolysis

A

Rising estrogen levels

132
Q

Progesterone levels …… With destruction of corpus luteum

This removes the negative feedback suppression of LH

A

Fall

133
Q

LH levels rise rapidly due to low progesterone levels. This is called what?

A

LH surge

134
Q

Follicles complete maturation and ovulation occurs when this hormone surges

A

LH

135
Q

These 2 groups of hormones are secreted by the uterus and placenta as well as ovary during pregnancy

A

Estrogens and progestins

136
Q

Oogenesis results in how many oocytes?

A

1

137
Q

Oogenesis results in how many polar bodies?

A

3

Spring 2014 (12 decks)

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