A & P Final Flashcards
What are the 4 orders in the Reptilia class?
Crocodylia, Squamata, Chelonia, Rhynocephalia
Alligators, caimans, and crocodiles are in which order?
Crocodylia
Snakes and lizards are in which order?
Squamata
Turtles, tortoises & terrapins are in which order?
Chelonia
These types of animals, including reptiles, are unable to generate body heat internally. Body temp depends on environmental temp. 2 exceptions: leatherback sea turtles & pythons
Ectotherms/Poikilotherms
Reptiles maintain body temps via _____ thermoregulation (basking, coiling).
behavioral
Reptiles’ ability to thermoregulate depends on access to temperatures within the
preferred optimal temperature zone (POTZ)
This is the range of temperatures in which the animal can perform all necessary metabolic functions
preferred optimal temperature zone (POTZ)
Ectotherms regulate temp depending on
metabolic needs
Ectothermy allows many reptiles to survive on ___ amounts of food.
small
If temperatures are too ____, reptiles can suffer from digestive problems, immunosuppression, and other disorders.
low
If temps are too ___, reptiles are forced to maintain a high metabolic rate and may suffer from energy deficits.
high
Reptiles will undergo ____ or brumation when temps drop below POTZ.
hibernation
The epidermis of reptiles is made of distinct scales formed by a ___ of the epidermis and is relatively impermeable.
folding
This type of keratin on reptiles is soft, flexible, and found in the interscalar skin.
alpha keratin
This type of keratin on reptiles in rigid and found in scales.
beta keratin
The dermis of reptiles is dense connective tissue that contains blood & lymph vessels, nerves and
chromatophores.
The subcutaneous space in reptiles is _____, making SQ injections inadvisable.
limited
The process of shedding the skin is controlled by the
thyroid gland
Shed skin of reptiles is called
exuvia
The process of shedding the skin is called
ecdysis
An enzyme-containing ___ is secreted between old and new epidermal layers during ecdysis.
lymph
During ecdysis, skin color ___ and spectale opacifies.
dulls
The term for abnormal shedding of the skin is
dysecdysis
Causes of dysecdysis include (4)
low humidity, dehydration, underlying illness, lack of cage furniture
Tx for dysecdysis
proper husbandry, soaking
The iris of reptiles is made of skeletal muscle and is under ___ control.
Voluntary
Since the iris of reptiles is under voluntary control, ___ are not predictable.
PLR’s
Snakes and some lizards have this clear, scale-like structure formed by the fusion of the upper and lower eyelids instead of eyelids.
Spectacle
The spectacle is ___ to topical medications
impermeable
Most reptiles have ____ developed extraocular muscles, with the exception of chameleons.
poorly
Chelonians have no ___ ___ so tears spill over the lid
nasolacrimal duct
Most reptiles (exceptions: snakes & crocodilians) have ____ bones which help the eye maintain its shape.
scleral
Crocodilians are the only reptiles that have a ____ which help them see better in the dark.
tapetum
This structure is found in tuataras and some lizards. It is a rudimentary retina & cornea with no iris, lids, or musculature. It may play a role in hormone production & thermoregulatory behavior.
Parietal eye
The parietal eye is connected to the pineal body via the
parietal nerve
The location of the heart varies in reptiles. For ____, the heart is on midline just caudal to the thoracic girdle and ventral to the lungs.
chelonians
The location of the heart varies in reptiles. For most ____ the heart is within the thoracic girdle.
lizards
The location of the heart varies in reptiles. For ____ and some lizards, the heart is more caudal in the coelomic cavity.
Crocodilians
The location of the heart varies in reptiles. For ____, the heart is usually at junction of first & second third of the body length but is fairly mobile.
snakes
The heart of most reptiles has ___ atria and __ ventricle.
2 atria
1 ventrile
There are 3 regions within the ventricle that are functionally separate. What are they?
Cavum venosum
Cavum arteriosum
Cavum pulmonale
In times of ___ ____, reptiles can shunt blood away from the lungs.
oxygen deprivation
____ are the only reptiles that possess a four-chambered heart. It is very different from birds and mammals.
Crocodilians
When the vagus nerve of lizards is suddenly stimulated, it sets off a chain of events within the body, most notably a rapid reduction of BP and HR. This is called
vasovagal reflex
The vasovagal reflex is triggered by applying gentle pressure to both
eyeballs
Mature reptilian RBCs are different from mammalian in what 2 ways?
nucleated, oval
The WBC in reptiles that is analogous to neutrophils.
heterophils.
Because heterophils do not possess peroxidase & acid phosphatase which break down necrotic material, reptiles produce ___ pus instead of liquid material.
caseous
What are the different blood collection sites of reptiles? (5)
ventral coccygeal vein dorsal coccygeal vein jugular subcarapacial sinus cardiac puncture
Reptiles are capable of surviving long periods without breathing due to their large pulmonary volume, efficient ___ metabolism, and cardiac shunting capabilities.
anaerobic
Respiration in reptiles is driven by ___ levels in blood, as compared to CO2 levels in mammals.
O2
Reptiles do not have an epiglottis, only a ___ in the rostral portion of the oral cavity.
glottis
Paired ___ cartilages border the glottal opening and open during respiration
arytenoid
The only vocalizations of reptiles are hissing, grunting, and bellowing. This is because they do not have
vocal cords
A glottal keel is present in some species of snakes. This increases
volume of vocalizations
Tracheal rings are ___ in chelonians and _____ in lizards and snakes.
complete - chelonians
incomplete - snakes & lizards
The ___ are analogous to alveoli in mammals. They are fixed structures (do not expand or contract) surrounded by capillaries.
faveoli
This lung type is a simple, saclike structure. The cranial portion is the site of gas exchange. The caudal portion is avascular and comparable to avian air sac. Snakes and some lizards have this lung type.
Unicameral
This lung type is present is chelonians, some lizards, and crocodilians. It has many compartments and possesses intrapulmonary bronchi.
Multicameral
This lung type is present in iguanas and chameleons. It has characteristics of both unicameral & multicameral lungs.
Paucicameral
Most snakes only have a single ___ lung.
right
There is no true ___ in reptiles that would separate the thoracic & abdominal cavity in mammals.
diaphragm
Since reptiles do not possess a true diaphragm, they have one cavity called
coelomic cavity
The single bone in the middle ear of reptiles is called
columella
The columella connects to the tympanum and the ____ bone.
quadrate
Since the columella articulates with the quadrate bone, it allows snakes to be very sensitive to ground vibrations transmitted through the
mandibles
Concerning feeding, snakes & crocodilians are strict
carnivores
Snakes & lizards have deeply forked tongues which function as particle delivery system for vomeronasal organ or _____ organ, an accessory olfactory organ.
Jacobson’s
Venom glands are ____ salivary glands.
modified
Chelonians do not have teeth, instead they have keratinized beaks called
tomia
This type of dentition has teeth that are fused to the biting edge of the mandible and maxillae. They do not grow back if lost or broken. It is found in some species of lizards.
acrodont
This type of dentition has teeth attached to the periosteum on the medial aspects of both the mandibles and maxillae. Teeth are replaced periodically during the life of the animal. Snakes and iguanid lizards have these.
pleurodont
This type of dentition has teeth that arise from the sockets in the skull bones. They are replaced periodically during the life of the animal and are found only in crocodilians.
thecodont
Snakes have ___ rows of teeth: 2 mandibular, 2 maxillary, 2 palantine/ptergygoid bones.
6
Venom-delivering teeth are ___ with an opening near end where venom expelled.
hollow
Fangs receive venom through a duct from __ ___ at its base.
venom gland
Contraction of ____ around venom gland forces venom out through the fang.
muscles
Can snakes control the amount of venom delivered with each bite?
yes
A thin and distensible esophagus is found in a species that consume ____ prey.
large
Sea turtles have conical ____ that line the esophagus and aid in swallowing slippery food items.
projections
Crocodilians have a thick, ____ stomach comparable to the avian ventriculus.
muscular
_____ have longer intestinal tracts.
Herbivores
Snakes have a relatively ____ intestinal tract.
straight
The colon is ____ and complex in herbivores.
large
The ___ is the site of hindgut fermentation in herbivorous lizards and chelonians.
cecum
The cecum is ____ or rudimentary in carnivorous reptiles.
absent
Snakes have a ___ large liver lobe.
single
In chelonians, the spleen is combined with the pancreas to form the
splenopancreas
This is the common outflow tract for GI and urogenital tracts.
cloaca
The three chambers of the cloaca may be distinctly separated by muscular ___ in some species.
sphincters
What are the 3 parts of the cloaca?
coprodeum
urodeum
proctodeum
This part of the cloaca receives the rectum.
coprodeum
This part of the cloaca receives the urogenital openings: ureters and male reproductive organs of crocodilians and chelonians.
Urodeum
If a bladder is present in reptiles, it ____ urine received by the urodeum.
stores
This part of the cloaca is the last chamber before the vent.
proctodeum
Snakes’ kidneys are
lobulated
Crocodilians, snakes, & some lizards do or do not have urinary bladders?
do not
Reptilian kidneys have ___ ___ renal pelvis.
no distinct
Since reptiles do not have ___ __ ___, they are not able to concentrate urine as mammals do.
loop of Henle
___ can be absorbed from the urine through the wall of the urinary bladder, rectum, or cloaca.
water
Terrestrial reptiles produce __ __ as a waste product. This aids in water conservation.
uric acid
Aquatic and semiaquatic reptiles produce ___, urea or both as waste product.
ammonia
Following the distal tubule of the nephron, a ___ segment is found that is believed to add secretions to the seminal fluid in males.
sexual
Renal portal veins arise from veins of the tail and ___ ____.
hind limb
This system allows reptile to discontinue blood flow to the glomeruli and decrease urine production during dehydration, while maintaining blood flow to renal tubules.
renal portal system
All male reptiles have internal testes located in the ___ ____ cavity.
dorsal coelomic
Do reptile copulatory organs have a urinary function?
no
Crocodilians and chelonians have a phallus of ___ tissue rising from the floor of the cloaca.
erectile
Snakes and lizards have paired ___ everted from the tail base through the vent.
hemipenes
Paired oviducts in reptiles lead to the cloaca and end in the dorsal wall of the
urodeum
Species that lay eggs, including crocodilians, chelonians, most lizards, some snakes
oviparous
In oviparous species, ___ and ___ is added to ova in the oviduct prior to egg laying.
albumin and shell
In these species, the fetuses are retained in the uterine portion of the oviduct.
ovoviviparous
Reptiles that digs nests to lay eggs. The act of laying eggs is called
oviposition
After oviposition or parturition, are most reptiles involved in the care of their eggs/offspring?
no
exceptions: crocodilians, pythons & cobras
Should reptile eggs be rotated during incubation?
no
Sex of reptiles can be determined by what 2 things?
genotype or
temperature at which eggs are incubated
Reptiles and Avians: what are the sex chromosomes for females & males?
F: ZW
M: ZZ
For species that do not have sex chromosomes (crocodilians, chelonians, tuataras, & some lizards), higher incubation temps produce ____ in crocodilians and lizards and the opposite in chelonians.
males
chelonians = females
In some snakes, ___ ___ may be larger in males to determine the sex.
pelvic spurs
____ chelonians have concave plastron and more distally located vent.
Male
Most reptiles have ___ thyroid gland.
one
The thyroid hormone is involved in ___ and ___ of reptiles.
ecdysis and growth
In reptiles, calcitonin is secreted by _____ bodies.
ultimobrachial
Adrenal glands of reptiles are usually within the ligaments that suspend the
gonads.
What are the 3 major divisions of the reptilian brain?
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain
This section of the reptilian brain houses the olfactory lobes, cerebral hemispheres, and diencephalon.
Forebrain
This section of the reptilian brain houses the optic lobes, cerebral peduncles, and nerve fibers connecting the forebrain and hindbrain.
Midbrain
This section of the reptilian brain houses the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
Hindbrain
Reptilian brains do not have surface gyri or sulci, also known as
lissencephalic
What are the 2 layers of meninges in reptiles?
pia-arachnoid layer
dura mater
This bone in the snake skull allows for wider opening of the mouth.
quadrate bone
____ do not have normal vertebrae, instead they have presacral, sacral, and caudal vertebral regions.
Chelonians
In reptiles, a ___ occipital condyle forms the articulation between skull and spine.
sing.e
Species that are capable of tail autonomy have ___ ___ along which the tails break.
fracture planes
The area of the reptilian skeleton where the scapula and coracoid bone have muscular attachments to the body.
pectoral girdle
These are vestigial pelvic limbs of boas and pythons that are found on either side of the vent. They are used in courtship behavior.
spurs
Snakes have well developed ____ muscles.
epaxial
Reptilian muscles are incapable of sustained ____ metabolism and switch quickly to _____ metabolism with prolonged physical exertion.
aerobic
anerobic
The skin of birds is ___ ___ with the exception of their feet.
very thin
The wing web is called the
patagium
Because birds lack biliverdin reductase which converts biliverdin to bilirubin, they bruise
green
There are ____ muscles in the dermis of birds that allow feather follicles to aid in heat regulation.
smooth
This gland, which is absent in most birds, is a holocrine sebaceous gland located in a fold of skin on the floor of the ear canal.
ear gland
This gland is located on the dorsal surface at the upper base of the tail. It is larger in aquatic species.
urogpygial (preen) gland
