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repro embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what forms the urogenital system

A

intermediate plate mesoderm

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2
Q

how is the timeline for reproductive organogenesis different to the other systems

A

extends beyond 8 weeks

extends beyond post-natal period

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3
Q

which system forms the template for parts of the reproductive system

A

urinary system

the 2 systems have close embryological links

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4
Q

how many sets of kidneys develop

A

3

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5
Q

what are the 3 sets of kidneys that develop embryologically

A

pronephros - cervical region, vestigial
mesonephros - thoracolumbar region, briefly functional
metanephros - pelvic region, functional

each acts as a template for subsequent stage

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6
Q

which set of kidneys does the reproductive system develop from

A

mesonephros

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7
Q

when does genital (gonadal) ridge formation occur

A

week 5-6

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8
Q

what occurs during genital ridge formation

A

6wks - mesonephros forms along ovoid structure in association with thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae
medial part of mesonephrc ridge becomes thickened to form a gential ridge

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9
Q

germ cells and the genital ridge

A

germ cells migrate into the genital ridge to form the indifferent gonad
stem cells embed into primitive sex cords (formed from mesenchyme of genital ridges)

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10
Q

where do the migrating stem cells come from

A

yolk sac via dorsal mesentery

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11
Q

what happens if the germ cells don’t migrate

A

no gonads are formed

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12
Q

why is it known as an indifferent gonad at this stage

A

there is no differentiation yet between male and female

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13
Q

formation of the paramesonephric duct

A

epithelium of the mesonephros invaginates to form a tube

this tube becomes the paramesonephric duct

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14
Q

where does the paramesonephric duct develop

A

lateral to developing gonads and existing mesonephric duct

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15
Q

describe the shape of the paramesonephric duct

A

funnel shaped cranial end
opens into peritoneal cavity

caudally, crosses ventral to mesonephric ducts
this projects into the dorsal wall of urogenital sinus

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16
Q

3 primitive structures of reproductive system

A

indifferent gonad
mesonephric duct
paramesonephric duct

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17
Q

alternative name for mesonephric duct

A

Wolffian duct

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18
Q

alternative name for paramesonephric duct

A

Mullerian duct

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19
Q

what do the primitive reproductive structures develop into in males

A

indifferent gonad - testes
mesonephric duct - vas deferens, seminal vesicles grow as outpouchings from mesonephric duct
paramesonephric duct - disappears
urogenital sinus forms bladder, urethra and prostate

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20
Q

what do the primitive reproductive structures develop into in females

A

indifferent gonad - ovaries
mesonephric duct - disappear
paramesonephric duct - fallopian tube, uterus and cervix
urogenital sinus forms bladder and lower part of vagina

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21
Q

what determines whether the indifferent gonads become male testes or female ovaries

A

chromosomes - XX or XY

Y chromosome has an SRY region - sex determining region

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22
Q

what protein does SRY encode for

A

encodes for a protein called TDF - testis determining factor

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23
Q

which cells express the SRY

A

primordial supporting cells (within the sex cords of the indifferent gonad) express the SRY

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24
Q

what are the actions of TDF

A

makes indifferent gonad develop into a testis

transforms primordial cells into sertoli cells

25
what do sertoli cells secreting
MIS - mullerian inhibiting substance
26
what are the actions of MIS
causes paramesonephric duct to degenerate | causes cells in interstitium to transform into Leydig cells
27
what do Leydig cells secrete and what is the result of this
testosterone helps in further development of male external genitalia
28
timeline for testis development - wk5-6
wk5 - 1y sex cords, medulla and cortex | wk6 - primordial germ cells incorporated into 1y sex cords
29
timeline for testis development -wk7
TDF stimulates 1y sex cords -> extend into medulla -> seminiferous cords -> tubules seminiferous cords branch, ends anastamose -> rete testis of medulla mesothelium lost when thick capsule forms (tunica albuginea) mesenchyme between cords gives rise to interstitial cells of Leydig
30
timeline for testis development -wk8
Leydig cells produce testosteroneand other hormones -> stimulates masculine differentiation of mesonephric ducts and external genitalia paramesonephric duct degenerates in males
31
where do the seminal vesicles grow from
outgrowth from caudal end of mesonephric duct
32
where does the prostate grow from
outgrowth from urethra (from urogenital sinus)
33
why does the indifferent gonad become the ovary in females
no SRY region, absence of TDF | gonad develops into an ovary by default
34
development of the ovary, up to wk10
1y sex cords degenerate, leaving primordial germ cells | wk 10 - 2y sex cords develop from surface epithelium, primordial germ cells are incorporated
35
development of the ovary - wk16
primordial germ cells bud off with single surrounding layer of cortical cord cells to form primordial follicles active mitosis of these early primordial follicles to form additional follicles
36
development of the ovary - 7mths-birth
7mths - all follicles have formed oocytes enter meiosis and arrested in prophase 1st meiotic division some follicular atresia by birth
37
post-natal ovarian development
many follicles become atretic before puberty after puberty - hormonal influences stimulate 12-15 follicles for each cycle to develop only 1 follicle reaches maturity and ovulation continues until menopause
38
how many primordial follicles present in the ovary at birth
~2mln
39
where do the tubular components of the female reproductive system come from
absence of testosterone - degeneration of mesonephros and mesonephric duct paramesonephric ducts develop to give rise to female genital tract
40
origin of female genital tract
cranial end of paramesonephric duct becomes associated with ovary caudal end of paramesonephric ducts (uterovaginal primordium) becomes uterus and superior part of vagina inferior part of vagina from urogenital sinus mesonephric duct degenerates
41
where do the gonads initially form
lumbar region | positional changes occur as development takes place
42
descent of gonads - testis
wk7 - T10 level, diaphragm undescended wk12 - level of deep inguinal ring, remains until 7mths 39wks - enters scrotum
43
descent of gonads - ovaries
wk7 - T10 wk12 - broad ligament round ligament drawn through inguinal canal to attach to labrum majorum
44
what causes the descent of the testis
gubernaculum - fibrous cord | shortens and contracts and pulls the testis down through the abdominal wall via inguinal canal into the scrotum
45
how can intestinal contents pass through the inguinal canal
processus vaginalis not completely closed off weak point intestinal contents pass through deep ring and inguinal canal and out through superficial ring indirect inguinal hernia
46
what is linked to the descent of the gonads
male - formation of larger inguinal canal, more likely to develop hernias female - presence of round ligament and its passage through the inguinal canal
47
gubernaculum in females
pulls the ovary down from original thoracolumbar region to pelvis once in the pelvic cavity it stops contracting then degenerates and forms fibrous cord - ovarian ligament and round ligament
48
why are females less prone to developing inguinal hernias
ovary doesn't pass through inguinal canal | inguinal canal in females is narrower
49
3 examples of congenital abnormalities
undescended testis remnants of mesonephric duct in females e.g. gartner's cysts anomalies of paramesonephric duct in female
50
what is cryptorchidism
abscence of testes in scrotum
51
4 types of crytptorchidism
undescended ectopic retractile testis absent testes
52
3 complications of undescended testis
infertility malignant transformation - germ cell tumours testicular torsion
53
locations of undescended testis
abdominal inguinal prescrotal (prepubic)
54
management of undescended testis
orchiopexy
55
where can remnants of the mesonephric ducts in females occur
epoophoron - near the ovary paraoophoron - within the broad ligament Gartner's cyst - close to vagina
56
impacts of remnants of the mesonephric ducts
can impact female fertility
57
anomalies of paramesonephric duct
complete duplication - 2 vagina, 2 uteri with one tube each bicornuate uterus septate uterus arcuate uterus
58
impacts of anomalies of paramesonephric duct
can all affect implantation of fertilised embryo

Y3 repro (47 decks)

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