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Y3 repro > breast - normal anatomy > Flashcards

breast - normal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

at which point of fetal development do mammary crests/ridges appear

A

week 4

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2
Q

location of mammary crests

A

extend from axillary region to inguinal region
crests usually disappear except in the pectoral region

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3
Q

stages of breast development

A

1y mammary buds
2y buds
lactiferous ducts and their branches

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4
Q

function of breasts

A

2y sexual feature of F
source of nutrition for neonates
present in a rudimentary form in M
site of malignant change - up to 1/10 women

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5
Q

general features of breasts

A

modified and highly specialised sweat glands - tubuloacinar
no special capsule or sheath
present in M and F, well developed in F
breast size and shape result from genetic, racial and dietary factors

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6
Q

breast - vertical and transverse location

A

vertical - 2nd/3rd rib - 6th rib
transverse - sternal edge to midaxillary line

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7
Q

what is the axillary tail of spence

A

small part of breast may extend towards axillary fossa

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8
Q

what is the function of the retromammary space (bursa)

A

helps some degree of movement

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9
Q

breast relations

A

2/3 of breast rests on pectoral fascia covering pec. maj
1/3 rests on the fascia covering serratus anterior

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10
Q

how is the breast attached to the dermis

A

firmly attached by suspensory ligament of cooper - helps support the lobules of the gland

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11
Q

breast structure - nipple

A

nipple - prominence of the breast

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12
Q

breast structure - areola

A

pigmented area around the nipple
rich in sebaceous glands - not associated with the hair follicle as in other regions

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13
Q

breast structure - lobules

A

each breast contains 15-20 lobules of glandular tissue (parenchyma)
each lobule is drained by a lactiferous duct - opens independently on the nipple
each duct has a dilated portion - lactiferous sinus

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14
Q

does the nipple contain any fat or hair

A

no fat or hair

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15
Q

what tissue makes up the nipple

A

collagenous dense connective tissue
elastic fibres
bands of smooth muscle

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16
Q

lactiferous ducts and the nipple

A

the tips of the nipples are fissured with lactiferous ducts opening into them

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17
Q

position of the nipple

A

variable or 4th IC space

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18
Q

glands on the surface of the areola

A

skin covering the nipple and areola contains numerous sweat and sebaceous glands

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19
Q

changes to the areola during pregnancy

A

enlarges

20
Q

secretions from the areola

A

oily material secreted by the sebaceous gland provides a protective lubricant for the nipple and areola

21
Q

breast quadrants

A

divided into 4 quadrants for anatomical location and description of pathology
superomedial, inferomedial, inferolateral, superolateral

axillary tail is an extension of the breast tissue in the superolateral quadrant

22
Q

describe the male breast

A

rudimentary throughout life
formed by small ducts w/o lobules or alveoli
little supporting fibroadipose tissue
temporary enlargement in newborn and during puberty

23
Q

define gynaecomastia

A

postnatal development of rudimentary lactiferous ducts in males
during midpuberty ~2/3 of boys develop varying degrees of hyperplasia of the breasts

24
Q

define polymastia

A

an extra breast

25
Q

define polythelia

A

extra nipple

26
Q

define athelia/amastia

A

absence of nipple/breast

27
Q

what arteries supply the breasts

A

branches of axillary a., internal thoracic a., and some IC a.

thoraco-acromial a.
lateral thoracic a.
internal mammary (thoracic) a.

28
Q

nerves of the breast

A

anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of 4-6th IC n. - convey sensory fibres to the skin of the breast
also carry sympathetic fibres to the blood vessels and smooth muscle around the nipple

29
Q

lymphatic drainage of the breast - clinical significance

A

great clinical significance - metastatic dissemination occurs primarily by the lymphatic routes
breast lymphatics branch extensively and don’t contain valves

30
Q

lymphatic drainage of the breast

A

>75% of lymph from lateral quadrants –> axillary LNs
some lymph may drain directly to supraclavicular or inferior cervical nodes
lymph from medial quadrants - parasternal or to opposite breast

31
Q

what is a sentinal lymph node

A

first draining node

32
Q

role of sentinal lymph node biopsy in breast cancer

A

lymphatic mapping and staging of patients
radiolabelled colloid is used to locate the sentinal node
blue dye is injected at the time of surgery
combination of radioisotope and dye provides most accurate means of localising the node

33
Q

describe the breast soft tissue

A

lobes which contain a network of glandular tissue consisting of branching ducts and secretory lobules in a connective tissue stroma

connective tissue stroma = dense and fibrocollagenous
intralobular tissue = loose texture

34
Q

what is the functional secretory component of the breast

A

terminal duct lobular unit is the functional milk secretory component

35
Q

what breast tissue is shown here

describe the histology features

A

normal breast histology

extensive branching duct system

surrounded by dense fibrous interlobular tissue (F) and adipose tissue (A)

ducts and acini are lined by 2 layers of cells - luminal epithelial cells (E) and myoepithelial cells (M)

36
Q

age related changes in breasts - prepuberty

A

neonatal breasts contain lactiferous ducts but no alveoli (acini)

until puberty, little branching of the ducts occurs

slight breast enlargement reflects the growth of fibrous stroma and fat

37
Q

age related changes in breasts - puberty

A

branching of lactiferous ducts

solid, spheroidal masses of granular polyhedral cells (alveoli)

accumulation of lipids in the adipocytes

38
Q

age related changes in breasts - postmenopausal

A

progressive atrophy of lobules and ducts

fatty replacement of glandular tissue

39
Q

what breast histology is shown here - label the letters

A

during pregnancy

Lo - lobules

S - septa

A - acini

E - epithelial cells

enlarged lobules, acini are dilated, epithelium vary from cuboidal to low columnar

40
Q

what is colostrum

A

protein rich fluid, available a few days after birth

rich in maternal antibodies

41
Q

what breast histology is shown here - identify the labels

A

lactating breast

acini distended with milk

thin speta (S) between the lobules

image b - higher power, acini with eosinophilic material containing clear vacuoles

milk production - suckling - neurohormonal reflex - prolactin and oxytocin

42
Q

diagnostic methods for breast cancer

A

mammography and US

fine needle aspiration cytology

core biopsy

43
Q

how common is breast cancer

A

20% of all cancers in women

commonest cause of death in women aged 35-55y/o

in UK any women has 1/9 chance of developing breast cancer

44
Q

what is shown here

A

CIS - carcinoma in situ

Ca - cluster of malignant epithelial cells invade into the normal stroma (S)

45
Q

what are some signs of breast cancer

A

skin dimpling

abnormal contours

edema of skin (peau d’orange sign)

nipple retraction and deviation

46
Q

benign breast tumours

A

fibroadenomas

duct papillomas

adenomas

connective tissue tumours

Paget’s disease of the nipple

47
Q

what is Paget’s disease of the nipple

A

erosion of the nipple resembling eczema

associated with ductal or invasive carcinom

Y3 repro (47 decks)

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