Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y3 repro > genital symptoms > Flashcards

genital symptoms Flashcards

1
Q

examples of genital symptoms

A 
discharge 
pain
rashes
lumps and swellings
cuts, sores, ulcers
itching 
change in appearance 
something not right
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

causes of genital symptoms

A

STI - public and individual health problem, treatable, not always curable
other microbial - individual health problem, treatable if needed, usually curable
non-microbial - individual health issue, huge variety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how to determine what is an STI

A

spectrum of organisms from only transmitted by sexual contact to only transmitted by non-sexual means
large spectrum and many are both
subjective assessment when determining main transmission mode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

in terms of microbial infection what can cause the symptoms

A

infecting organism itself
host response to organism
again a spectrum, likely a bit of both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of microbial conditions not regarded as STDs in UK

A 
vulvovaginal candidosis 
bacterial vaginosis 
balanoposthitis - anaerobic/candidal
tinea cruris 
erythrasma
infected sebaceous glands
impetigo
folliculitis
cellulitis 
many more
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

vulvovaginal candidosis - causative organism

A

~70% just candida albicans
30% other - e.g. C. glabrata or mixed populations

usually acquired from bowel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

symptoms of vulvovaginal candidosis

A

often asymptomatic carriage - change in host environment triggers pathogenicity
symptomatic = thrush - itch, discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe the discharge in vulvovaginal candidosis

A

classically thick
cottage cheese
often just a report of increased amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how common is vulvovaginal candidosis

A

very common
usually trivial
can cause a misery in minority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

who is more likely to get vulvovaginal candidosis

A 
diabetes
oral steroids
immune suppression incl HIV
pregnancy 
reproductive age group

many cases occur in people w/o predisposing factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

making a diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidosis

A

characteristic hx
vaginal pH? - normal pH can be found with thrush
examination findings
investigations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

examination findings in vulvovaginal candidosis

A

linear fissuring
erythema with satellite lesions
characteristic discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

investigations for vulvovaginal candidosis

A

gram stained preparation
culture
PCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

gram stain for vulvovaginal candidosis

A

low sensitivity

might look at an unrepresentative patch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

culture for vulvovaginal candidosis

A

e.g. Sabouraud’s medium
higher sensitivity but labour intensive
low specificity to determine cause of symptoms - yeast are commensal organisms so may not be the cause but still present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PCR for vulvovaginal candidosis

A

highest sensitivity

lowest specificity - even more likely to find ‘innocent bystanders’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

treatment for vulvovaginal candidosis

A

often self corrects if mild

azole antifungals - clotrimazole 500mg PV once (plus clotrimazole HC if vulvitis), fluconazole 150mg PO once

resistant case - determine species and sensitivities and treat accordingly

other management - maintain skin, avoid irritants, treat dermatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how many episodes of thrush p/a is classed as recurrent

A

4 p/a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the commonest cause of abnormal vaginal discharge

A

bacterial vaginosis

10-40% of women at any time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

symptoms of bacterial vaginosis

A

asymptomatic in 50%
watery grey/yellow ‘fishy’ discharge
may be worse after period/sex
sometimes sore/itch from dampness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what type of problem is bacterial vaginosis

A

biofilm problem - like dental caries; makes management difficult in some women
imbalance of bacteria
only becomes an issue when symptomatic
increased Gardnerella vaginalis, Enterococcus faecalis and Actinomyces neuii
reduced lactobacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cycle in bacterial vaginosis

A

reduction of lactobacilli, reduction in H2O2 production
raised pH
overgrowth of BV associated bacteria

23
Q

complications from bacterial vaginosis

A

usually asymptomatic/very mild symptoms

minority of women:
associated with endometritis if uterine instrumentation/delivery
associated with premature labour
increases risk of HIV acquisition

24
Q

diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis

A

characteristic hx
examination findings - thin, homogenous discharge
pH - can be more alkaline than normal
gram stained smear of vaginal discharge

25
Q

bacterial vaginosis treatment

A

abx:
- metronidazole (oral - avoid ethanol; vaginal gel)
- clindamycin (vaginal)

probiotics - replacement of lactobacilli (vaginal/oral)
vaginal acidification - maintain pH at 4.5 w/ acidifying gel

26
Q

causative organisms of balanitis and posthitis etc

A

candidal balanitis
Zoon’s balanitis (aka plasma cell balanitis)
- rash on the end of the penis
- mostly seen in uncircumcised men

27
Q

causes of Zoon’s balanitis

A

chronic inflammation 2y to overgrowth of commensal organisms plus ‘foreskin malfunction’

28
Q

causative organisms of impetigo

A

staph aureus

strep pyogenes

29
Q

causative organism of erysipelas

A

strep pyogenes

30
Q

causative organism of dermatophyte infection

A

e.g. tricophyton rubrum

psoriasis as differential dx

31
Q

causes of tinea cruris

A

dermatophytes - ‘athlete’s groin’

hygiene - important to maintain dry area to prevent growth of harmful organisms

32
Q

causative organism of erythrasma

A

corynebacterium minutissimum

33
Q

subcategories of non-microbial genital conditions

A

percieved problem only - normal findings, no clinical findings, only findings are psychological
‘real problems’ - dermatoses, structural abnormalities (congenital, acquired)

34
Q

examples of perception of abnormality but no clinical findings

A 
vaginal discharge 
urethral discharge 
dysuria
genital/pelvic discomfort 
rashes
skin lumps 
penis size, scrotal lumps, labial shape

many problems are temporary, some are more persistent can lead to body dysmorphia

35
Q

lines of questioning if nil found on examination or tests results

A 
regretted sexual encounter
problems in life
co-existing mental ill health - anxiety 
when did they notice the problem 
when were things last normal - family illness, friend will illness, media story
36
Q

management approach for perception of abnormality but no clinical findings

A

acknowledge the perception
what do they think is the cause - allows some conditions to be specifically covered and ruled out e.g. cancer, infertility, STD
variants of reassurance - provide alternative, benign explanation
discuss limitations of medical approach

37
Q

examples of physiological clinical signs which can be mistaken for STDs

A

Fox-Fordyce spots
vulval paillomatosis
Coronal papillae
Tyson’s glands

38
Q

what are Fox-Fordyce spots

A

sebaceous glands of the skin
more prominent in some men than others
completely normal

39
Q

what are vulval paillomatosis

A

soft projections

sometimes mistakenly treated as warts

40
Q

what are coronal papillae

A

penile pearly papules
normal features, more prominent in some than others
can be mistaken for warts

41
Q

what are Tyson’s glands

A

smooth, small vestigial glands
either side of the frenulum
usually symmetrical
can be mistaken for warts

42
Q

other causes of genital symptoms i.e. non-microbial but there is something going on

A 
pain syndromes ('dynias')
dermatoses
congenital 
traumatic/iatrogenic
neoplastic
neuromuscular
manifestations of systemic disease
idiopathic 
etc.
43
Q

examples of pain syndromes

A

vestibulodynia
vulvodynia
chronic pelvic pain syndrome

44
Q

what is vestibulodynia

A

provoked introital tenderness

e.g. during penetrative sex, tampon insertion

45
Q

what is vulvodynia

A

persistent burning or aching

46
Q

what is chronic pelvic pain syndrome

A

sometimes labelled as prostatitis (but usually no ‘itis)
cause unclear
muscular dysfunction implicated in many cases

47
Q

what is a lymphocele

A

blocked lymph duct
becomes engorged with lymph
can occur as a result of increased friction, 2y to infection
can settle spontaneously - avoid friction

48
Q

what are congenital cysts

A

form during development in the uterus
can be external or internal
often don’t cause an issue

49
Q

what is an ecchymosis

A

blood blister

can occur with torn frenulum - small artery that can bleed a lot

50
Q

examples of dermatoses

A

lichen sclerosus

lichen planus

51
Q

what is lichen sclerosus

A

AI disease, scarring and thinning of skin
can close off urethral meatus
also affects women, scarring around the vagina can be mistaken for FGM

52
Q

what is lichen planus

A

cause isn’t entirely clear - thought to be AI

53
Q

indications of carcinoma

A

ulcer with firm base

Y3 repro (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions