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Y3 repro > male reproductive physiology > Flashcards

male reproductive physiology Flashcards

1
Q

why do the testicles lie outside of the body

A

the temperature required for sperm production is lower than that of the body (1-2 degrees lower than the abdominal cavity in the scrotum)

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2
Q

path of sperms following production

A

produced in the testes
pass through the epididymis
travel through the vas deferens to the seminal vesicles
secretions from the prostate gland and seminal vesicles are added to the sperm
exit the body through the urethra

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3
Q

what is the role of the epididymis

A

storage site for sperm

sperm stay there for ~3mths while they mature

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4
Q

structure of the testes

A

divided into several lobules
seminiferous tubules are within the lobules
testes are surrounded by a fibrous capsule

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5
Q

what is the name for the fibrous capsule covering the testis

A

tunica albuginea

penetrates into the structure of the testis and divides it into several lobules

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6
Q

what is the site of sperm production

A

seminiferous tubules in the testis

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7
Q

where do the sperm travel after they have been produced in the seminiferous tubules

A

rete testis

this is where all the outflow of the seminiferous tubules merge and lead into the head of the epididymis

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8
Q

what are the 3 parts of the epididymis

A

head
body
tail

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9
Q

where does the vas deferens emerge

A

tail of the epididymis

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10
Q

what are the 3 types of cells within the seminiferous tubule and what are their functions

A

germ cells - produce sperm
sertoli/sustentacular cells - support sperm producing cells, produce inhibin
interstitial (Leydig) cells - surround the seminiferouos tubules and produce testosterone

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11
Q

what are the 2 main functions of the testis

A

sperm production - avg time from production to ejaculation = 64 days
testosterone production - male 2y sexual characters, controls spermatogenesis

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12
Q

endocrine control of testicular function

A

reproductive hormones
GnRH from hypothalamus
gonadotropins - FSH and LH from ant pituitary
testosterone from testicles

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13
Q

interaction of hormones on testes

A

hypothalamus releases GnRH
acts on ant pituitary to release FSH + LH
FSH - Sertoli cells facilitate Spermatogenesis
LH - Leydig cells, +ve feedback on spermatogenesis
sertoli cells release inhibin - -ve feedback on ant pituitary
Leydig cells produce testosterone - -ve feedback on ant pituitary and hypothalamus

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14
Q

define spermatogenesis

A

sperm production from the priomordial germ cells in the seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

length of avg cycle of spermatogenesis

A

64 days
germ cells pass through different developmental stages
mature sperm cells are produces

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16
Q

what are the 2 distinct phases in spermatogenesis

A

spermatocytogenesis

spermiogenesis

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17
Q

what is spermatocytogenesis

A

clonal expansion and maturation through mitotic and meiotic processes

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18
Q

what is spermiogenesis

A

differentiation into mature sperm cells

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19
Q

when does spermatogenesis begin

A

starts at puberty

continues lifelong

20
Q

steps of spermatocytogenesis

A 
CLONAL EXPANSION
spermatogonia A
mitosis 
spermatogonia B 
MATURATION
spermatocyte I 
meiosis I
spermatocyte II
meiosis II
spermatid 
DIFFERENTIATION
spermatid 
sperm
21
Q

chromosomal division during spermatogenesis

A

mitosis - spermatogonium –> 1y spermatocyte, duplication, diploid chromosomes (46)
meiosis 1 - 1y spermatocyte —> 2y, 2 cells w/ haploid chromosome number
meiosis 2 - 2y spermatocyte –> spermatid, 2 cells w/ haploid chromosome
spermiogenesis - maturation of spermatids into functional sperm cells

22
Q

what factors affect spermatogenesis

A

medical
lifestyle
combination

can ultimately affect male fertility

23
Q

medical factors affecting spermatogenesis

A

pretesticular - problem with the hormonal control

testicular - problem at the site of production

24
Q

pretesticular medical factors affecting spermatogenesis

A 
functional - XS weight loss/gain, stress
intracranial tumours, cysts, bleed
prolactinoma 
medications - opiates, external testosterone, steroid (body building)
genetic - Kallmann's syndrome
25
Q

testicular medical factors affecting spermatogenesis

A 
surgery - orchidectomy, orchidopexy
STI
mumps orchitis
testicular trauma or torsion
radio/chemotherapy 
genetic - Klinefelter's (46 XXY), Y chromosome microdeletion, CF
26
Q

lifestyle factors affecting spermatogenesis

A

effect from mother during pregnancy - irreversible
effects from father’s sperm - reversible

smoking - heavily impacts production and functional capacity of sperm
obesity
occupational and environmental chemical exposure

27
Q

steps to reduce the impact of factors affecting fertility (5)

A

improve lifestyle - normal BMI, stop smoking, alcohol in recommended limits
healthy diet, exercise, adjustments to occupational exposure
optimise underlying medical condition
stop medications/switch to alternative pregnancy compatible medications
reduce STI risk and treat promptly
fertility preservation - sperm freezing prior to surgery or cancer treatment

28
Q

define oligospermia

A

low sperm count

29
Q

past fertility - things that could affect sperm count

A

puberty - delayed
previous children/fertility
personal/FHx of genetic problems
previous fertility treatment

30
Q

things that could affect sperm count - androgen deficiency symptoms

A

infrequent shaving
unable to grow beard
low libido
erection/ejaculation difficulty

31
Q

things that could affect sperm count - medical problems current/past

A

systemic disease
malignancy
prolactinoma

32
Q

things that could affect sperm count - genitourinary hx

A 
STI
mumps orchitis
testicular trauma/torsion
undescended testis
recurrent UTI
33
Q

things that could affect sperm count - past surgery

A

inguinal hernia repair
orchidopexy
orchidectomy

34
Q

things that could affect sperm count - medications

A

high dose steroid
testosterone replacement

supplements:
body building products - exogenous steroids

35
Q

things that could affect sperm count - occupation

A

exposure to chemicals, heavy metals, radiation

36
Q

things that could affect sperm count - lifestyle

A 
sedentary 
food habits
smoking 
obesity 
alcohol 
recreational drug use
37
Q

examination/investigations for low sperm count

A 
BMI 
genital examination 
USS testis 
hormonal profile 
genetic test
38
Q

why is it important to palpate the vas deferens

A

may discover absent vas deferens which is a feature of CF

39
Q

genital examination for low sperm count

A

external genitalia, testicular size, palpation of vas deferens, inguinal hernia, varicocele

40
Q

hormonal profile for low sperm count

A

FSH
LH
testosterone
prolactin

41
Q

genetic test for low sperm count

A

karyotype

Y chromosome microdeletion

42
Q

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in men

A

low FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone

hypothalamus or pituitary cause

43
Q

prolactinoma and fertility

A

high prolatcin

low sperm count

44
Q

hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in men

A

high FSH, LH
low testosterone
testicular cause

45
Q

things to look for in US of testes

A

testicular volume
hydrocele
varicocele
cancer

Y3 repro (47 decks)

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