Repro

Question 1

Fat necrosis of the breast-characteristics?

Answer 1

discrete mass with calcifications on mammography.

A history of trauma is important but not necessary.

Typical features include chronic inflammation with giant cells, lipid-laden histiocytes, and calcification.

Question 2

Testicular atrophy
    High-pitched voice
    Gynecomastia
    Hypogonadism
    Infertility is common
    Low testosterone
    Elevated FSH and LH

name of this disease, chromosomal abnormality

Answer 2

Klinefelter syndrome is caused by an additional X chromosome in males (47, XXY).

Question 3

Women with stress incontinence due to pelvic floor injury are told to do Kegel’s to strengthen what muscles?

Answer 3

levator ani to improve support arounf the urethra and bladder

Question 4

What structure do you have to worry about injuring when performing a hysterectomy due to it’s close proximity to the uterine structures?

Answer 4

The ureter.

Distal ureter may be severed during ligation of the uterine vessels because the ureter passes inferior and lateral to the uterine artery at the level of the internal cervical os prior to entering the bladder (“water under the bridge”)

Question 5

What is Rhogam? Why is it given and what does it do?

Answer 5

Anti-Rh(d) given to Rh- mothers. Consists of IgG anti-D antibodies that coat the fetus antigen to prevent maternal immune attack on the Rh+ fetus (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

Question 6

Decidual reaction of the endometrium is histiologically by?

Answer 6

dilated, coiled endometrial glands, and vascularized edematous stroma

Question 7

What is a Krukenberg tumor? Where is it found/what are associated symptoms?

Answer 7

Gastric tumor that metastasized to the ovary and can present with unintentional weight loss, epigastric pain, adnexal masses.

Histologically, the metastatic tumor cells have large amounts of mucin with apically displaced nuclei, resulting in signet ring appearance.

Question 8

Post-menopausal woman with irregular bleeding and yellow ovarian mass, what is the tumor and what is it secreting?

Answer 8

Granulosa cell tumor

Large, unilateral adnexal mass
Estrogen secretion
increased inhibin

Call-exner bodies (cuboidal granulosa cells in a rosette pattern with coffee bean nucleiO
YELLOW theca cells with lipid

Question 9

Incomplete obliteration of the processus vaginalis may result in what common pathology?

Answer 9

Communicating hydroceles and indirect inguinal hernias.

Question 10

Which cellular structure facilitates communication between cells and play an important role in labor contractions?

Answer 10

Gap Junctions

made of connexins and their density increases in the uterus before delivery in response to rising estrogen