Cardio Flashcards
Which drugs have been shown to have a mortality benefit by preventing ventricular remodeling?
ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril), ARBs (e.g., losartan), some beta blockers (e.g., metoprolol, carvedilol), aldosterone antagonists (e.g., spironolactone), and hydralazine/nitrate combination therapy
How do you calculate total peripheral resistance?
TPR = (mean arterial pressure - right atrial pressure)/cardiac output
R=deltaP/CO
Difference between primum-type atrial septal defect and secundum-type atrial septal defect?
Failure of the septum primum to fuse completely with the endocardial cushions leaves a persistent ostium primum-primum type
If the ostium secundum is too large, then the septum secundum does not cover it over and a secundum type atrial septal defect would result
How do you calculate resistance in parallel and what are characteristics of this type of circuit?
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4 +1/R5
The total resistance is always less than any of the individual resistances.
Adding a resistance lowers the total resistance (arteriovenous anastomosis) and decreases arterial blood pressure. (contrast to series circuit where adding additional will increase resistance equally)
Decreasing the number of resistances (occlusion of an organ’s vessels) increases resistance and arterial blood pressure.
The esophagus lies posterior to which aspect of the heart?
behind left atrium
enlargement of right atrium can compress the esophagus and cause dysphagia
Which portion of the CV system has the highest resistance?
Arterioles
highest drop in the pressure
Which cardiac medication can cause varying degrees of AV block?
Beta blockers
What is the Fick equation?
The Fick equation states:
CO = O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content – venous O2 content)
drug commonly used in conjunction with aspirin to lower risk for a myocardial infarction after stent placement in a patient with coronary artery disease?
First-line therapy is typically clopidogrel in combination with aspirin because of the adverse side effects of ticlopidine
Ticlopidine is an oral platelet-aggregation inhibitor that is structurally related to clopidogrel
It has a rare side effect of bone marrow toxicity (neutropenia/agranulocytosis) that limits its use.
It works by inhibiting ADP from binding to platelet receptors.
Symptoms of claudication include muscle pain with exercise that remits with rest. Claudication is almost always the result of what CV dz?
Atherosclerosis
Drug of choice to treat PVST and it’s MOA/SE’s
adenosine: slows conduction through the AV node by hyperpolarizing the nodal pacemaker cells and conducting cells.
SE’s: flushing, chest burning (due to bronchospasm), hypotension and high grade AV block
What are the 2 classes of Calcium channel blockers and their predominant actions?
Dihydropyridines (nifedipine, amlodipine, felodipine) affect arterial smooth muscle, causing vasodilation with little or no effect on cardiac conduction or contratility
Nondihydropyridines (verapamil, diltiazem) affect the myocardium, slowing HR and reducing contractility.
Rupture of the left ventricular free wall is a catastrophic mechanical complication of anterior wall MI that usually occurs when???
5-14 days post MI
rupture leads to hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade, causing profound hypotension and shock with rapid progression to pulseless electrical activity and death
An abnormal S4 can be heard in patients with..?
reduced ventricular compliance (hypertensive heart disease, aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy). It can be caused by a sudden rise in end-diastolic pressure following atrial contraction.
low pitched, holosystolic murmur at left sternal border that accentuates during maneuvers that increase afterload (handgrip) most likely due to?
VSD
