Renal

Question 1

How do you calculate amount of solute filtered, excreted, and reabsorbed?

Answer 1

Amount of solute filtered = glomerular filtration rate (GFR) x plasma solute concentration

GFR is most accurately determined from inulin clearance; creatinine clearance is more commonly used for clinical assessment of GFR.

Amount of solute excreted = urinary solute concentration × urinary flow rate

Solute reabsorbed = (amount of solute filtered) – (amount of solute excreted in urine)

Question 2

Does Aldo secretion increase in response to hypo- or hyperkalemia?

Answer 2

Hyperkalemia increases aldo

Question 3

What is the normal treatment choice for DKA?

Answer 3

insulin and saline

Question 4

What segments of the nephron are impermeable to water?

Answer 4

The ascending loop of Henle (thick and thin)

Question 5

Sudden onset of abdominal pain or flank pain, hematuria, and left-sided varicoceles suggest what well known complication of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 5

renal vein thrombosis.

loss of anticoagulant factors, especially antithrombin III is responsible for the thrombotic and thromboembolic complications of nephrotic syndrome.

Question 6

Urge vs stress incontinence?

Answer 6

Urge - Detrusor overactivity - sudden overwhelming or frequent need to empty bladder

Stress - loss of urethral support and intraabdominal pressure exceeds urethral sphincter pressure - leaking with coughing, laughing, and lifting

Question 7

In what area of the nephron does uric acid precipitate during tumor lysis syndrome and why?

Answer 7

Distal tubule and collecting ducts

Uric acid is soluble at normal blood pH but precipitates at acidic environment of distal tubules and collecting duct

prevention of tumor lysis syndrome includes urine alkalinization and hydration

Question 8

Vasopressin acts on which area of the nephron? Be specific!

Answer 8

Medullary segment of the collecting duct to increase urea and water reabsorption to concentrate urine

Question 9

ANG II does what in the kidney? how do ACE inhibitor effect the kideny?

Answer 9

ANG II preferentially constricts the efferent arteriole, thereby maintaining the GFR.

ACE inhibitors promote efferent arteriolar dilation, causing GFR reduction.

Question 10

How do you calculate Filtration Fraction?

Answer 10

FF = GFR/RPF

RPF = RBF * (1 - Hematocrit)