Neuro Flashcards
A bronchogenic carcinoma in the apex of the lung can produce what sympathetic side effects involving the face
Horner syndrome (and hoarse voice)
First-order neuron: descends from the hypothalamus to the preganglionic sympathetic neurons in C8-T2 of the cord (descending hypothalamics).--> A variety of strokes, injuries, tumors, and demyelinating diseases can produce this condition. Second-order neuron: the preganglionic neuron exits the spinal cord at the level of T1, enters (in close proximity to the pulmonary apex and subclavian artery) and ascends in the sympathetic chain, and synapses in the superior cervical ganglion. Pancoast tumors affect these neurons. Third-order neuron: the postganglionic fibers exit the superior cervical ganglion and ascend along the internal carotid artery (which is why carotid artery dissection can cause Horner's). Some fibers branch off and travel with the external carotid artery to innervate the blood vessels and sweat glands of the face; others continue to ascend along the internal carotid artery to enter the cavernous sinus and finally enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure (along with the V1 branch of the trigeminal nerve) to innervate the dilator pupillae and superior tarsal (Müller's) muscles.
Low-grade tumor in children and young adults
Usually in the posterior fossa in children
Cyst with a mural nodule (twisted)
Pathology: Rosenthal fibers, immunostaining with GFAP
Pilocytic astrocytoma
Where do the three branches of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull?
V1-superior orbital fissure
V2-foramen rotundum
V3-Foramen ovale
(foramen spinosum is for middle meningeal artery)
The histopathologic hallmarks of Parkinson disease are
Lewy Bodies
round, eosinophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusions seen in dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons.
**Lewy bodies can also be found in Lewy body dementia, but this disease features prominent visual hallucinations and early dementia, as well as some parkinsonian symptoms
List associations with each of the following:
Microglial nodules
Negri bodies
Neurofibrillary tangles
Pick bodies
Spongiform changes
viral encephalitis
Rabies (frequently seen in Purkinje neurons (cerebellar cortex) and hippocampal pyramidal neurons)
Pick disease, a form of frontotemporal dementia. presents with personality changes preceding dementia. Pick bodies present in cortical neurons, appear as round intracytoplasmic inclusions that stain dark with silver impregnation
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other prion diseases (vacuolization of neuropil in grey matter)
Medial medullary syndrome caused by occlusion of what artery? Produces what symptoms?
anterior spinal artery
Lesion of pyramid (corticospinal tracts): contralateral spastic paresis of body
Lesion of medial lemniscus: contralateral loss of tactile and vibration sensation and conscious proprioception of body
CN XII fibers/nucleus: ipsilateral flaccid paralysis of tongue; tongue deviates to side of lesion
Rupture of a Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm will cause bleeding where and is associated with what?
udden hemorrhage within the basal ganglia and brainstem. Primarily seen in patients with severe hypertension
Acute increases in intracranial pressure (ICP) induce a classic change in vital signs referred to as the Cushing response or reflex. This response includes ?
hypertension, bradycardia, and respiratory depression.
Increases in ICP reduce cerebral perfusion pressure and blood flow. The Cushing response is a sign of brainstem compression and ischemia
clinically presents as rapidly progressive dementia, memory loss, startle myoclonus or other involuntary movements (jerky involuntary movements). EEG shows high-voltage slow waves.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a spongiform encephalopathy (caused by prion protein accumulation) with axonal degeneration, neuronal loss, gliosis, and astrocytic proliferation.
Death in one year
asymptomatic abdominal mass crossing the midline of a child
Histo findings
associated gene
embryonic tissue origin
Name another abdominal tumor common in children that does not cross the midline and may present with hypertension and hematuria.
Neuroblastoma
Histo: small blue cells (hyperchromatic nuclei) forming pseudorosettes (Homer-Wright).
Associated oncogene: MYCN, and amplification usually predicts poorer prognosis.
from neural crest cells that populate the adrenal medulla and sympathetic chain
WILMS TUMOR-WAGR complex: Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary malformation, Retardation
What is Parinaud syndrome? What tumor causes these symptoms?
eye movement and pupil dysfunction, such as a vertical gaze palsy and light-near dissociation (and failure of convergence)
pineal gland (pinealoma) compress the vertical gaze center in the tectum of the midbrain
Cataracts effect which part of the eye?
the LENS
Neuroectoderm gives rise to what cells in the CNS?
astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
What are all the functions of CN IX
Gag reflex:
Afferent: ipsilateral glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
CN IX functions:
Salivation (parotid gland)
Taste and tactile sensation of posterior one-third of the tongue
Tactile sensation from external ear, pharynx, middle ear, and auditory
Input from carotid sinus/body
Motor efferents to stylopharyngeus muscle
Subcutaneous neurofibromas are made of what type of tissue?
Peripheral nerve tissue
