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EBSE > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

uterine vessels are contained within

A

cardinal ligament

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2
Q

gubernaculum in females becomes

A

round ligament of uterus

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3
Q

products of sertoli cells

A

inhibin
androgen binding protein
anti mullerian hormone

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4
Q

cells in testicles that make testosterone

A

leydig cells

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5
Q

spermatogenesis vs spermiogenesis and where they occur

A

spermatogenesis - production of immature spermatids, occurs in seminiferous tubules
spermiogenesis - maturation of sperm, occurs in epididymis

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6
Q

LH and FSH stimulate what cells in the testes, respectively?

A

LH - leydig

FSH - sertoli

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7
Q

androgen made in adrenal glands

A

androstenedione

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8
Q

key enzyme in conversion of androgens to estrogen

A

aromatase

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9
Q

most potent androgen and enzyme that makes it

A

DHT, 5alpha reductase

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10
Q

which form of estrogen is an indicator of fetal well being during pregnancy

A

estriol (made in placenta)

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11
Q

FSH and LH and estrogen production in women - what hormone triggers what process in what cells

A

LH > stim desmolase in theca cell > convert cholesterol to androstenedione
FSH > stim aromatase in granulosa cell > convert androstenedione to estrogen

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12
Q

tanner stages

A

1 - child
2 - pubic hair appears, breast buds form
3 - pubic hair darkens and becomes curly; penis size/length inc; breast enlarges
4 - penis width inc; darker scrotal skin; development of glans; raised areolae
5 - adult; areolae no longer raised

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13
Q

estrogen and progesterone roles in endometrial tissue

A

estrogen stimulates proliferation

progesterone maintains endometrium

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14
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

blood from ruptured follicle causes peritoneal irritation that can mimic appendicitis

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15
Q

at what stage of division are primary oocytes kept until ovulation?

A

prophase of meiosis 1

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16
Q

at what stage of division are secondary oocytes kept until fertilization?

A

metaphase of meiosis 2

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17
Q

how long between ovulation, fertilization, and implantation?

A

fertilization occurs w/in 1 day of ovulation, and implantation occurs 6 d after fertilization

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18
Q

source of hCG

A

syncytiotrophoblast of placenta

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19
Q

function of hCG in pregnancy

A

maintains corpus luteum (progesterone source) for first trimester until placenta can make estriol and progesterone

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20
Q

best test to confirm menopause

A

very high FSH

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21
Q

MCC primary amenorrhea

A

turner’s syndrome

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22
Q

non-gonadal findings in Turner’s syndrome

A

shield chest, bicuspid aortic valve, webbed neck, lymphedema in feet/hands, coarctation of aorta, horseshoe kidney, dysgerminoma

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23
Q

causes of female and male pseudo-hermaphrodism

A

female - excessive exposure to androgenic steroids in early gestation
male - androgen insensitivity syndrome is most common

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24
Q

5 alpha reductase def - inheritance, presentation

A

AR, only in genetic males

ambiguous genitalia until puberty when inc testosterone causes masculinization

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25
Q

Kallmann syndrome

A

defective migration of GnRH cells and olfactory bulb > anosmia and GnRH def > hypogonadism

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26
Q

“honeycombed uterus” or “cluster of grapes”

A

hydatidiform mole

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27
Q

“snowstorm” appearance on sonogram

A

hydatidiform mole

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28
Q

abruptio placentae

A

premature detachment of placenta from implantation site, may be assoc w/ DIC. Presents as painful bleeding in 3rd TM. Risk of bleeding out for both fetus and mother

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29
Q

2 etiologies of polyhydramnios

A

esophageal/duodenal atresia

anencephaly

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30
Q

koilocytes

A

HPV infected dysplastic cervical cells

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31
Q

“chocolate cysts”

A

endometriosis

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32
Q

adenomyosis

A

endometrium inside of myometrium. sx like endometriosis but uterus is enlarged. tx w/ hysterectomy.

33
Q

MC tumor (across the board) in females

A

fibroids

34
Q

incidence and mortality of gynecologic cancers in US

A

incidence: endometrial > ovarian > cervical
mortality: ovarian > cervical > endometrial

35
Q

hormone findings in PCOS

A

inc LH, dec FSH, inc testosterone, inc estrogen

36
Q

theca-lutein cysts are assoc w/

A

choriocarcinoma and moles

37
Q

dermoid cyst on ovary =

A

mature teratoma

38
Q

Schiller Duval bodies

A

yolk sac tumors

39
Q

struma ovarii

A

teratoma containing functional thyroid tissue > causes hyperthyroidism

40
Q

markers for choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor

A

chorio - hCG

yolk sac - AFP

41
Q

general ovarian CA marker

A

CA125 (not good for screening!)

42
Q

“coffee bean” nuclei

A

Brenner tumor (ovarian)

43
Q

brenner tumor

A

ovarian tumor that is benign and unilateral. looks like bladder. “coffee bean” nuclei

44
Q

Meig’s syndrome

A

triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites, and hydrothorax

45
Q

Call Exner bodies

A

granulosa cell tumor of ovary

46
Q

Krukenberg tumor

A

GI malignancy that mets to ovaries, signet cell adenoCA

47
Q

sarcoma botryoides

A

variant of rhabdomyosarcoma in vagina of <4 yo girls

48
Q

MC breast tumor in <35 yo

A

fibroadenoma

49
Q

benign breast tumor causing nipple discharge

A

intraductal papilloma

50
Q

Phyllodes tumor

A

benign breast tumor that is large, bulky mass of CT and cysts, leaf-like projections. some may become malignant

51
Q

most important prognostic factor for breast CA

A

axillary LN involvement

52
Q

comedocarcinoma

A

subtype of ductal carcinoma in situ in breast. features caseous necrosis

53
Q

MC type of breast CA

A

invasive ductal

54
Q

“Peau d’orange”

A

orange peel skin seen in inflammatory breast CA

55
Q

drugs causing gynecomastia

A 
Some Drugs Create Awkward Knockers
spironolactone
digitalis
cimetidine
alcohol
ketoconazole
56
Q

benign prostatic ____

A

hyperplasia

57
Q

which lobe is most likely to get prostate CA?

A

posterior lobe

58
Q

MCC scrotal enlargement in adult males

A

varicocele

59
Q

what side is varicocele often most of the time?

A

left

60
Q

“bag of worms” appearance

A

varicocele

61
Q

MC type of and specific testicular tumor

A

germ cell tumors - seminoma

62
Q

marker for seminoma

A

PLAP (placental alk phos)

63
Q

painful testicular tumor

A

embyronal carcinoma

64
Q

tumor containing Reinke crystals

A

Leydig cell tumors

65
Q

MC testicular cancer in older men

A

testicular lymphoma

66
Q

Peyronie’s dz

A

bent penis due to acquired fibrous tissue formation

67
Q

leuprolide - mech, uses

A

GnRH analog

pulsatile dosing used for infertility, continuous dosing used to suppress gonadal axis

68
Q

finasteride - mech, use

A

5alpha reductase inhib

used in BPH and male pattern baldness

69
Q

flutamide - mech, use

A

competitive inhib of androgens

prostate CA

70
Q

ketoconazole - how does it have effects on gonadal axis?

A

inhibits steroid synth

71
Q

clomiphene - mech, use

A

SERM that is partial estrogen agonist at hypothal. > inc release of LH and FSH > stimulates ovulation
used for infertility and PCOS

72
Q

anastrozole/exemestane - mech/class

A

aromatase inhibs

73
Q

mifepristone - mech, use

A

(RU-486)
competitive inhib of progesterone
termination of pregnancy w/ misoprostol

74
Q

how OCPs work (3 main mechs)

A

estrogen and progestins inhib LSH/FH > no estrogen/LH surge > no ovulation
progestins thicken cervical mucus
progestins inhib endometrial proliferation > less suitable for implantation

75
Q

terbutaline - mech, use

A

beta 2 agonist that relaxes uterus used to stop premature uterine contractions

76
Q

tamsulosin - mech, use

A

alpha 1 antagonist

treats BPH

77
Q

tox of PDE5 inhibs

A

HA, flushing, dyspepsia, impaired blue/green color vision

life threatening hypotension if taken w/ nitrates

78
Q

danazol - mech, use

A

synthetic androgen, partial agonist

endometriosis and hereditary angioedema

EBSE (18 decks)

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