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1
Q

uterine vessels are contained within

A

cardinal ligament

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2
Q

gubernaculum in females becomes

A

round ligament of uterus

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3
Q

products of sertoli cells

A

inhibin
androgen binding protein
anti mullerian hormone

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4
Q

cells in testicles that make testosterone

A

leydig cells

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5
Q

spermatogenesis vs spermiogenesis and where they occur

A

spermatogenesis - production of immature spermatids, occurs in seminiferous tubules
spermiogenesis - maturation of sperm, occurs in epididymis

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6
Q

LH and FSH stimulate what cells in the testes, respectively?

A

LH - leydig

FSH - sertoli

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7
Q

androgen made in adrenal glands

A

androstenedione

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8
Q

key enzyme in conversion of androgens to estrogen

A

aromatase

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9
Q

most potent androgen and enzyme that makes it

A

DHT, 5alpha reductase

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10
Q

which form of estrogen is an indicator of fetal well being during pregnancy

A

estriol (made in placenta)

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11
Q

FSH and LH and estrogen production in women - what hormone triggers what process in what cells

A

LH > stim desmolase in theca cell > convert cholesterol to androstenedione
FSH > stim aromatase in granulosa cell > convert androstenedione to estrogen

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12
Q

tanner stages

A

1 - child
2 - pubic hair appears, breast buds form
3 - pubic hair darkens and becomes curly; penis size/length inc; breast enlarges
4 - penis width inc; darker scrotal skin; development of glans; raised areolae
5 - adult; areolae no longer raised

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13
Q

estrogen and progesterone roles in endometrial tissue

A

estrogen stimulates proliferation

progesterone maintains endometrium

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14
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

blood from ruptured follicle causes peritoneal irritation that can mimic appendicitis

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15
Q

at what stage of division are primary oocytes kept until ovulation?

A

prophase of meiosis 1

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16
Q

at what stage of division are secondary oocytes kept until fertilization?

A

metaphase of meiosis 2

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17
Q

how long between ovulation, fertilization, and implantation?

A

fertilization occurs w/in 1 day of ovulation, and implantation occurs 6 d after fertilization

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18
Q

source of hCG

A

syncytiotrophoblast of placenta

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19
Q

function of hCG in pregnancy

A

maintains corpus luteum (progesterone source) for first trimester until placenta can make estriol and progesterone

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20
Q

best test to confirm menopause

A

very high FSH

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21
Q

MCC primary amenorrhea

A

turner’s syndrome

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22
Q

non-gonadal findings in Turner’s syndrome

A

shield chest, bicuspid aortic valve, webbed neck, lymphedema in feet/hands, coarctation of aorta, horseshoe kidney, dysgerminoma

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23
Q

causes of female and male pseudo-hermaphrodism

A

female - excessive exposure to androgenic steroids in early gestation
male - androgen insensitivity syndrome is most common

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24
Q

5 alpha reductase def - inheritance, presentation

A

AR, only in genetic males

ambiguous genitalia until puberty when inc testosterone causes masculinization

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25
Kallmann syndrome
defective migration of GnRH cells and olfactory bulb > anosmia and GnRH def > hypogonadism
26
"honeycombed uterus" or "cluster of grapes"
hydatidiform mole
27
"snowstorm" appearance on sonogram
hydatidiform mole
28
abruptio placentae
premature detachment of placenta from implantation site, may be assoc w/ DIC. Presents as painful bleeding in 3rd TM. Risk of bleeding out for both fetus and mother
29
2 etiologies of polyhydramnios
esophageal/duodenal atresia | anencephaly
30
koilocytes
HPV infected dysplastic cervical cells
31
"chocolate cysts"
endometriosis
32
adenomyosis
endometrium inside of myometrium. sx like endometriosis but uterus is enlarged. tx w/ hysterectomy.
33
MC tumor (across the board) in females
fibroids
34
incidence and mortality of gynecologic cancers in US
incidence: endometrial > ovarian > cervical mortality: ovarian > cervical > endometrial
35
hormone findings in PCOS
inc LH, dec FSH, inc testosterone, inc estrogen
36
theca-lutein cysts are assoc w/
choriocarcinoma and moles
37
dermoid cyst on ovary =
mature teratoma
38
Schiller Duval bodies
yolk sac tumors
39
struma ovarii
teratoma containing functional thyroid tissue > causes hyperthyroidism
40
markers for choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor
chorio - hCG | yolk sac - AFP
41
general ovarian CA marker
CA125 (not good for screening!)
42
"coffee bean" nuclei
Brenner tumor (ovarian)
43
brenner tumor
ovarian tumor that is benign and unilateral. looks like bladder. "coffee bean" nuclei
44
Meig's syndrome
triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites, and hydrothorax
45
Call Exner bodies
granulosa cell tumor of ovary
46
Krukenberg tumor
GI malignancy that mets to ovaries, signet cell adenoCA
47
sarcoma botryoides
variant of rhabdomyosarcoma in vagina of <4 yo girls
48
MC breast tumor in <35 yo
fibroadenoma
49
benign breast tumor causing nipple discharge
intraductal papilloma
50
Phyllodes tumor
benign breast tumor that is large, bulky mass of CT and cysts, leaf-like projections. some may become malignant
51
most important prognostic factor for breast CA
axillary LN involvement
52
comedocarcinoma
subtype of ductal carcinoma in situ in breast. features caseous necrosis
53
MC type of breast CA
invasive ductal
54
"Peau d'orange"
orange peel skin seen in inflammatory breast CA
55
drugs causing gynecomastia
``` Some Drugs Create Awkward Knockers spironolactone digitalis cimetidine alcohol ketoconazole ```
56
benign prostatic ____
hyperplasia
57
which lobe is most likely to get prostate CA?
posterior lobe
58
MCC scrotal enlargement in adult males
varicocele
59
what side is varicocele often most of the time?
left
60
"bag of worms" appearance
varicocele
61
MC type of and specific testicular tumor
germ cell tumors - seminoma
62
marker for seminoma
PLAP (placental alk phos)
63
painful testicular tumor
embyronal carcinoma
64
tumor containing Reinke crystals
Leydig cell tumors
65
MC testicular cancer in older men
testicular lymphoma
66
Peyronie's dz
bent penis due to acquired fibrous tissue formation
67
leuprolide - mech, uses
GnRH analog | pulsatile dosing used for infertility, continuous dosing used to suppress gonadal axis
68
finasteride - mech, use
5alpha reductase inhib | used in BPH and male pattern baldness
69
flutamide - mech, use
competitive inhib of androgens | prostate CA
70
ketoconazole - how does it have effects on gonadal axis?
inhibits steroid synth
71
clomiphene - mech, use
SERM that is partial estrogen agonist at hypothal. > inc release of LH and FSH > stimulates ovulation used for infertility and PCOS
72
anastrozole/exemestane - mech/class
aromatase inhibs
73
mifepristone - mech, use
(RU-486) competitive inhib of progesterone termination of pregnancy w/ misoprostol
74
how OCPs work (3 main mechs)
estrogen and progestins inhib LSH/FH > no estrogen/LH surge > no ovulation progestins thicken cervical mucus progestins inhib endometrial proliferation > less suitable for implantation
75
terbutaline - mech, use
beta 2 agonist that relaxes uterus used to stop premature uterine contractions
76
tamsulosin - mech, use
alpha 1 antagonist | treats BPH
77
tox of PDE5 inhibs
HA, flushing, dyspepsia, impaired blue/green color vision | life threatening hypotension if taken w/ nitrates
78
danazol - mech, use
synthetic androgen, partial agonist | endometriosis and hereditary angioedema

EBSE (18 decks)

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