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EBSE > Endo > Flashcards

Endo Flashcards

1
Q

foramen cecum is remnant of

A

thyroglossal duct

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2
Q

layers of adrenal cortex (outer to inner) and what they make

A

GFR:
glomerulosa - aldosterone
fasciculata - cortisol
reticularis - sex hormones

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3
Q

MC tumor of adrenal medulla in kids vs adults

A

kids - neuroblastoma

adults - pheo

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4
Q

alpha subunit is common to what hormones

A

TSH, LH, FSH, hCG

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5
Q

tissues w/ insulin dependent glucose uptake

A

BRICK L

brain, RBCs, intestine, cornea, kidney, liver

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6
Q

GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT4 - how do they work and where found

A

1 - insulin independent. RBCs, brain
2 - bidirectional. beta islet cells, liver, kidney, small intestine
4 - insulin dependent. adipose, skeletal muscle

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7
Q

adrenergic stimulation/inhibitors of insulin release

A

beta 2 agonists stimulate insulin release

alpha 2 agonists dec insulin release

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8
Q

link btwn hypothyroidism and hyperPRL

A

TRH stimulates PRL release - not significant at physiologic levels, but when TRH is elevated in hypothyroid, can cause hyperPRL

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9
Q

somatostatin neg regulates what 2 hormones?

A

GH, TSH

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10
Q

2 types of drugs that stimulate PRL secretion

A 
DA antagonists (like antipsychotics)
estrogens
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11
Q

antimicrobial drug that can cause adrenal insuff

A

ketoconazole

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12
Q

17alpha hydroxylase def, 21 hydroxylase def, 11beta hydroxylase def - all of these are what type of disorder? what are hormone levels in each one? which is most common?

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasias
17alpha - inc aldo, dec cortisol, dec androgens
21 - dec aldo, dec cortisol, inc androgens
11beta - dec aldo (but inc 11-deoxycorticosterone - another mineralocorticoid), dec cortisol, inc androgens

21 is most common

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13
Q

fns of cortisol

A 
maintain BP (esp alpha 1 receptors)
dec bone formation
anti inflammatory
inc insulin resistance
inc gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis
inhibit fibroblasts
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14
Q

Mg effect on PTH secretion

A

dec Mg > inc PTH

severely dec Mg > dec PTH

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15
Q

what cells make calcitonin?

A

parafollicular cells in thyroid (C cells)

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16
Q

4 main fns of T3

A 
4 Bs - 
brain maturation
bone growth
beta adrenergic effects
basal metabolic rate (inc)
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17
Q

Wolff Chaikoff effect

A

excess iodine temporarily inhibits TPO > dec T3/4 synth

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18
Q

MCC cushing’s syndrome

A

exogenous steroids

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19
Q

aldosterone secrecting adrenal adenoma called

A

Conn’s syndrome

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20
Q

2 findings that are present in primary but not secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

primary has skin hyperpigmentation and hyperkalemia, secondary doesnt

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21
Q

Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome

A

acute primary adrenal insufficiency caused by N. meningitidis septicemia, DIC and endotoxic shock

22
Q

type of cell that makes up pheo

A

chromaffin cell

23
Q

tx of pheo

A

first, irreversible alpha antagonists to prevent HTN crisis
next beta blockers to slow HR
then can surgically remove

24
Q

marker indicating presence of neuroblastoma

A

urine HVA (homovanillic acid - breakdown product of DA)

25
Q

findings in cretinism

A 
5 Ps - 
pot belly
pale
puffy face
protruding umbilicus
protuberant tongue
26
Q

granulomatous inflammation in thyroid

A

subacute thryoiditis (de Quervain’s)

27
Q

fibrosis of thyroid

A

Reidel’s thyroiditis - painless, hypothyroid

28
Q

pathophys of toxic multinodular goiter

A

patches of hyperfunctioning follicular cells working independently of TSH > inc release of T3/4

29
Q

Jod Basedow phenomenon

A

thyrotoxicosis if pt w/ iodine def goiter is made iodine replete

30
Q

cause of death from thyroid storm

A

arrhythmia

31
Q

really bad kind of thyroid CA

A

anaplastic

32
Q

MC type of thyroid CA

A

papillary

33
Q

which type of thyroid CA makes calcitonin?

A

medullary - from parafollicular cells

34
Q

bone dz assoc w/ hyperPTH

A

osteitis fibrosa cystica - cystic bone spaces filled w/ brown fibrous tissue

35
Q

Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy

A

pseudohypoPTH
AD
kidney unresponsive to PTH
hypoCa, shortened 4/5th digits, short stature

36
Q

MC type of pituitary adenoma

A

prolactinoma

37
Q

Sheehan’s syndrome

A

postpartum infarct of pituitary causing panhypopituitarism

38
Q

Kimmelsteil wilson nodules

A

deposits in nodular glomerulosclerosis assoc w/ diabetic nephropathy

39
Q

Kussmaul respirations assoc w/

A

DKA

40
Q

carcinoid syndrome

A

carcinoid tumor “after” the liver (not confined to GI) secretes 5HT - paroxysms of diarrhea, cutaneous flushing, asthmatic wheezing, right sided valvular dz

41
Q

inheritance pattern of MEN syndromes

A

AD

42
Q

gene assoc w/ MEN2a/b

A

ret

43
Q

MEN 1 manifestations

A

parathyroid tumors
pituitary tumors
pancreatic endocrine tumors

44
Q

MEN 2a manifestations

A

medullary thyroid CA
pheo
parathyroid tumors

45
Q

MEN 2b manifestations

A

medullary thyroid CA
pheo
oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis, marfanoid habitus

46
Q

AEs of metformin

A

GI upset

lactic acidosis **

47
Q

AEs of first gen sulfonylureas

A

disulfiram like effects

48
Q

pramlintide - mech, use

A 
amylin analog (dec glucagon secretion)
type 1 and 2 DM
49
Q

-gliptin drugs - what is the mechanism / use

A

DPP4 inhib - stop incretin degradation to increase insulin and dec glucagon
used in T2DM

50
Q

2 drugs used to reduce production of thyroid hormone

A

propylthiouracil and methimazole

51
Q

demeclocycline - mech, use

A

ADH antagonist

used in SIADH

EBSE (18 decks)

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