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MRCS > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Which structures make up the vulva

A

Mons pubis
Labia majora and minora
Vestibule
Bartholin’s glands
Clitoris

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2
Q

What is the mons pubis

A

Fat pad anterior to the pubic symphysis

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3
Q

What is the embryological origin of the labia majora

A

Labioscrotal swellings

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4
Q

Where does the labia minora extend to

A

Anteriorly - fusing to form the hood of the clitoris
Posteriorly - either side of the vaginal opening

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5
Q

What is the female vestibule

A

The area enclosed by the labia minora
Contains the opening of the vagina and urethra

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6
Q

What is the arterial supply of the vulva

A

Paired internal and external pudendal arteries

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7
Q

Where does lymph from the vulva drain

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

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8
Q

How is the sensory innervation of the vulva divide

A

Anterior and posterior

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9
Q

What innervates the anterior vulva

A

Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

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10
Q

What innervate the posterior vulva

A

Pudendal nerve
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

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11
Q

What are the anatomical relations of the vagina

A

Anterior - bladder and urethra
Posterior - Rectouterine pouch, rectum, anal canal
Lateral - ureters, levator ani muscle

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12
Q

What are the 4 layers of the vagina - superficial to deep

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Elastic lamina propria
Fibromuscular layer
Adventitia

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13
Q

What is the arterial supply of the vagina

A

Uterine and vaginal arteries
Branches of the internal iliac arteries

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14
Q

What is the venous drainage of the vagina

A

Into the internal iliacs via the uterine vein

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15
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the vagina

A

Superior - to external iliac nodes
Middle - to internal iliac nodes
Inferior - to superficial inguinal nodes

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16
Q

Which part of the vagina receives somatic innervation and via which nerve

A

Inferior 1/5
Via the deep perineal nerve (branch of the pudendal)

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17
Q

What are the 2 regions of the cervix

A

Ectocervix
Endocervix

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18
Q

What is the ectocervix

A

Portion of the cervix that projects into the vagina
Lined by stratified sqaumous non keratinising epithelium
Opening is the external os

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19
Q

What is the endocervix

A

‘inner cervix’
Lined by mucus secreting simple columnar epithelium
Ends with the internal os which is where the uterine cavity begins

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20
Q

What is the blood supply to the uterus

A

The uterine artery and uterine veins

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21
Q

Where are the uterine veins found

A

In a plexus in the broad ligament

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22
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the uterus

A

Iliac, sacral, aortic, inguinal lymph nodes

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23
Q

What are the 3 parts of the uterus

A

Fundus
Body
Cervix

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24
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus

A

Anteverted and anteflexed
Immediately posterosuperior to the bladder
Anterior to the rectum

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25
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus

A

Peritoneum
Myometrium
Endometrium

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26
Q

What are the 2 layers of endometrium

A

Deep stratum basalis
Superficial stratum functionalis

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27
Q

Which layer of the endometrium is shed during mensturation

A

Superficial stratum functionalis

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28
Q

Which 5 ligaments are associated with the uterus

A

Broad ligament
Round ligament
Ovarian ligament
Cardinal ligament
Uterosacral ligament

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29
Q

Describe the broad ligament of the uterus

A

Double layer of peritoneum attaching the side of the uterus to the pelvis
Acts a mesentery for the uterus

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30
Q

Describe the round ligament

A

A remnant of the gubernaculum from the uterine horns to the labia majora via the inguinal canal

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31
Q

What does the round ligament maintain

A

Maintains the anteverted position of the uterus

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32
Q

What does the ovarian ligament connect

A

Joins the ovaries to the uterus

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33
Q

What is the cardinal ligament

A

Located at the base of the broad ligament
Extends from the cervix to the lateral pelvic walls

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34
Q

What is contained in the cardinal ligament

A

Uterine artery and vein

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35
Q

Describe the uterosacral ligament

A

Extends from the cervix to the sacrum
Provides support to the uterus

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36
Q

Which structures of the Fallopian tubes facilitate them to assist in the transfer and transport of the ovum from the ovary, to the uterus.

A

Inner mucosa - ciliated columnar epithelial cell and peg cells, waft the ovum towards the uterus
Smooth muscle layer

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37
Q

What are the 4 parts of the fallopian tube

A

Fimbriae
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

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38
Q

What is the blood supply to the Fallopian tubes

A

Arterial supply - uterine and ovarian arteries.
Venous drainage is via the uterine and ovarian veins.

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39
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the fallopian tubes

A

iliac, sacral and aortic lymph nodes

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40
Q

Where are the ovaries attached to

A

Posterior surface of the broad ligament of the uterus by the mesovarium

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41
Q

What is the mesovarium

A

A fold of peritoneum, continuous with the outer surface of the ovaries

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42
Q

What are the ligaments associated associated to the ovaries

A

Suspensory ligament of the ovary
Ligament of ovary

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43
Q

What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary

A

Fold of peritoneum extending from the mesovarium to the pelvic wall
Contains neurovascular structures.

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44
Q

What is the ligament of ovary

A

Extends to the ovary to the fundus of the uterus
Continues from the uterus to the connective tissue of the labium majus, as the round ligament of uterus

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45
Q

What is the blood supply of the ovary

A

Paired ovarian arteries - abdominal aorta
Drained by the ovarian veins - IVC

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46
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the ovaries

A

To the para-aortic nodes

47
Q

Which neurovascular structures are contained in the suspensory ligament of the ovary

A

ovarian artery, ovarian vein, ovarian nerve plexus and lymphatic vessels

48
Q

Where does the cardinal ligament extend between

A

The side of the cervix and the lateral fornix of the vagina.
They provide an extensive attachment on the lateral pelvic wall at the level of the ischial spines.

49
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis

A

Root
Body
Glans

50
Q

Describe the root of the penis

A

Proximal fixed part of the penis
Located in the superficial perineal pouch of the pelvic floor

51
Q

What does the root of the penis contain

A

3 erectile tissues - 2 crura and a bulb of the penis
2 muscles - ischiocavernous, bulbospongiosus

52
Q

What composes the body of the penis

A

3 cylinders of erectile tissue - 2 corpus cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum

53
Q

What forms the glans penis

A

Distal expansion of the corpus spongiosum

54
Q

Where does the male urethra run in the penis and why is this physiologically important

A

Corpus spongiosum
It fills to a reduced pressure as to not occlude the urethra

55
Q

What is the function of the 2x ischiocavernous muscles

A

Surrounds the left and right crura of the penis
Contracts to force blood from the cavernous spaces into the crura of the corpora cavernosa

56
Q

What is the function of the 2x bulbospongiosum muscles

A

It contracts to empty the spongy urethra of any residual semen and urine
The anterior fibres also aid in maintaining erection by increasing the pressure in the bulb of the penis

57
Q

What are the fascial coverings of the penis

A

External fascia of Colles
Deep fascia of the penis - Bucks
Tunica albuginea

58
Q

Which 2 ligaments support the root of the penis

A

Suspensory ligament
Fundiform ligament

59
Q

Describe the suspensory ligament of the penis

A

Condensation of the deep fascia
Connects the erectile bodies of the penis to the pubic symphysis

60
Q

Describe the fungiform ligament of the penis

A

Condensation of the abdominal subcutaneous tissue
Runs down from the linea alba and surrounds the penis like a sling

61
Q

What is the arterial supply of the penis and what are they branches of

A

Dorsal arteries of the penis
Deep arteries of the penis
Bulbourethral artery

All branches of the pudendal artery

62
Q

What is the venous drainage of the penis

A

Paired veins
Deep dorsal vein of the penis
Superficial dorsal veins

63
Q

What provides sensory and somatic innervation to the penis

A

Pudendal nerve

64
Q

Describe the structure of a testicle

A

They consist of a series of lobules, each containing seminiferous tubules supported by interstitial tissue. The seminiferous tubules are lined by Sertoli cells that aid the maturation process of the spermatozoa.
In the interstitial tissue lie the Leydig cells that are responsible for testosterone production.

65
Q

What are the parts of the testicle

A

Head
Body
Tail

66
Q

Where is the origin of the vas deferens

A

The tail of the testicle

67
Q

What are the vascular supply of the testicles

A

Paired testicular arteries - from the aorta
Branches of the cremasteric artery
Artery of the vans deferens

68
Q

The artery of the cremasteric artery is a branch of which artery

A

Inferior epigastric artery

69
Q

The artery of the vans deferens is a branch of which artery

A

Inferior vesical artery

70
Q

What is the venous drainage of the penis

A

Via the pampiniform plexus

71
Q

Where does the right testicular vein drain

A

Directly into IVC

72
Q

Where does the left testicular vein drain

A

Left renal vein

73
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the testes

A

Lumbar nodes
Para aortic nodes

74
Q

What is contained within the scrotum

A

Testes
Epididymis
Spermatic cord

75
Q

What are the layers of the scrotum

A

Skin
Superficial “Dartos” fascia
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle
Internal spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis

76
Q

What is the blood supply of the scrotum

A

Anterior and posterior scrotal arteries

77
Q

The anterior scrotal artery is a branch of which artery

A

External pudendal artery

78
Q

The posterior scrotal artery is a branch of which artery

A

Internal pudendal artery

79
Q

The scrotal veins drain into which main vein

A

Internal pudendal vein

80
Q

What is the nervous innervation of the anterior scrotum

A

Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve

81
Q

What is the nervous innervation of the posterior scrotum

A

Perineal branches of the pudendal nerve
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

82
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

83
Q

The spermatic cord enters the scrotum via which structure

A

Superficial inguinal ring

84
Q

What are the fascial coverings of the spermatic cord

A

External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle and fascia
Internal spermatic fascia

85
Q

The creamasteric fascia is derived from what

A

External oblique muscle and fascia

86
Q

The internal spermatic fascia is derived from what

A

Transversalis fascia

87
Q

What is the afferent and efferent fibres of the cremasteric reflex

A

Afferent (sensory) - ilioinguinal nerve
Efferent (motor) - genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

88
Q

What are the contents of the spermatic cord

A

Testicular artery
Cremasteric artery and vein
Artery to the vas deferens
Pampiniform plexus of the testicular veins
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerves
Vas deferens
Processus vaginalis
Lymph vessels

89
Q

What is the vas deferens

A

Straight, thick muscular tube that conveys sperm from the epididymis to the ampulla and eventually, to the ejaculatory duct

90
Q

What is the anatomical course of the vas deferens

A

Continuous with the tail of the epididymis
Travels through the inguinal canal as part of the spermatic cord
Moves down the lateral pelvic wall
Travels down the posterior aspect of the bladder
Inferior narrow part of the ampulla joins the duct from the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct.

91
Q

Where is the prostate

A

prostate is positioned inferiorly to the neck of the bladder
superiorly to the external urethral sphincter, with the levator ani muscle lying inferolaterally to the gland.

92
Q

What is posterior to the rectum

A

Ampulla of the rectum

93
Q

The prostatic ducts open into which part of the urethra

A

Prostatic urethra

94
Q

What are the 3 zones of the prostate

A

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone

95
Q

Describe the central zone of the prostate

A

Surrounds ejaculatory ducts
25% of prostate volume

96
Q

Describe the transitional zone of the prostate

A

Located centrally and surrounds the urethra
5-10% of normal prostate volume

97
Q

Describe the peripheral zone of the prostate

A

Main body of gland - 65%

98
Q

In which zone of the prostate does BPH occur

A

Transitional

99
Q

In which zone of the prostate does cancer develop

A

Peripheral

100
Q

How do the glands of the peripheral zone of the prostate differ to those of the central zone

A

Gland in peripheral zone - vertical, therefore reflux of urine can occur
Glands in central zone - oblique - therefore reflux of urine cannot occur

101
Q

What is the blood supply of the prostate

A

Prostatic arteries

102
Q

What are the prostatic arteries derived from

A

Internal iliac arteries

103
Q

What is the venous drainage of the prostate

A

Prostatic venous plexus draining into the internal iliac veins

104
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands found

A

Posterolateral to the membranous urethra

105
Q

What are Cowper’s glands

A

The bulbourethral glands

106
Q

Which part of the male urethra do the bulbourethral glands open into

A

The spongy urethra

107
Q

What is the blood supply of the bulbourethral glands

A

Arteries to the bulb of the penis

108
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the bulbourethral glands

A

Internal and external iliac nodes

109
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles found

A

Between the bladder fundus and the rectum

110
Q

The seminal vesicles combine with what structure to form the ejaculatory duct

A

Vas deferens

111
Q

In males what do the mesonephric ducts form

A

Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory ducts
Epididymis
Vas deferens

112
Q

What is the ‘point and shoot phrase’ representative of

A

Erection (pointing) - parasympathetic innervation
Ejaculation (shooting) - sympathetic innervation

113
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the seminal vesicles

A

External and internal iliac nodes

MRCS (17 decks)

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