Repro Flashcards
Which structures make up the vulva
Mons pubis
Labia majora and minora
Vestibule
Bartholin’s glands
Clitoris
What is the mons pubis
Fat pad anterior to the pubic symphysis
What is the embryological origin of the labia majora
Labioscrotal swellings
Where does the labia minora extend to
Anteriorly - fusing to form the hood of the clitoris
Posteriorly - either side of the vaginal opening
What is the female vestibule
The area enclosed by the labia minora
Contains the opening of the vagina and urethra
What is the arterial supply of the vulva
Paired internal and external pudendal arteries
Where does lymph from the vulva drain
Superficial inguinal nodes
How is the sensory innervation of the vulva divide
Anterior and posterior
What innervates the anterior vulva
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
What innervate the posterior vulva
Pudendal nerve
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
What are the anatomical relations of the vagina
Anterior - bladder and urethra
Posterior - Rectouterine pouch, rectum, anal canal
Lateral - ureters, levator ani muscle
What are the 4 layers of the vagina - superficial to deep
Stratified squamous epithelium
Elastic lamina propria
Fibromuscular layer
Adventitia
What is the arterial supply of the vagina
Uterine and vaginal arteries
Branches of the internal iliac arteries
What is the venous drainage of the vagina
Into the internal iliacs via the uterine vein
What is the lymphatic drainage of the vagina
Superior - to external iliac nodes
Middle - to internal iliac nodes
Inferior - to superficial inguinal nodes
Which part of the vagina receives somatic innervation and via which nerve
Inferior 1/5
Via the deep perineal nerve (branch of the pudendal)
What are the 2 regions of the cervix
Ectocervix
Endocervix
What is the ectocervix
Portion of the cervix that projects into the vagina
Lined by stratified sqaumous non keratinising epithelium
Opening is the external os
What is the endocervix
‘inner cervix’
Lined by mucus secreting simple columnar epithelium
Ends with the internal os which is where the uterine cavity begins
What is the blood supply to the uterus
The uterine artery and uterine veins
Where are the uterine veins found
In a plexus in the broad ligament
What is the lymphatic drainage of the uterus
Iliac, sacral, aortic, inguinal lymph nodes
What are the 3 parts of the uterus
Fundus
Body
Cervix
What is the normal position of the uterus
Anteverted and anteflexed
Immediately posterosuperior to the bladder
Anterior to the rectum
What are the 3 layers of the uterus
Peritoneum
Myometrium
Endometrium
What are the 2 layers of endometrium
Deep stratum basalis
Superficial stratum functionalis
Which layer of the endometrium is shed during mensturation
Superficial stratum functionalis
Which 5 ligaments are associated with the uterus
Broad ligament
Round ligament
Ovarian ligament
Cardinal ligament
Uterosacral ligament
Describe the broad ligament of the uterus
Double layer of peritoneum attaching the side of the uterus to the pelvis
Acts a mesentery for the uterus
Describe the round ligament
A remnant of the gubernaculum from the uterine horns to the labia majora via the inguinal canal
What does the round ligament maintain
Maintains the anteverted position of the uterus
What does the ovarian ligament connect
Joins the ovaries to the uterus
What is the cardinal ligament
Located at the base of the broad ligament
Extends from the cervix to the lateral pelvic walls
What is contained in the cardinal ligament
Uterine artery and vein
Describe the uterosacral ligament
Extends from the cervix to the sacrum
Provides support to the uterus
Which structures of the Fallopian tubes facilitate them to assist in the transfer and transport of the ovum from the ovary, to the uterus.
Inner mucosa - ciliated columnar epithelial cell and peg cells, waft the ovum towards the uterus
Smooth muscle layer
What are the 4 parts of the fallopian tube
Fimbriae
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
What is the blood supply to the Fallopian tubes
Arterial supply - uterine and ovarian arteries.
Venous drainage is via the uterine and ovarian veins.
What is the lymphatic drainage of the fallopian tubes
iliac, sacral and aortic lymph nodes
Where are the ovaries attached to
Posterior surface of the broad ligament of the uterus by the mesovarium
What is the mesovarium
A fold of peritoneum, continuous with the outer surface of the ovaries
What are the ligaments associated associated to the ovaries
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
Ligament of ovary
What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary
Fold of peritoneum extending from the mesovarium to the pelvic wall
Contains neurovascular structures.
What is the ligament of ovary
Extends to the ovary to the fundus of the uterus
Continues from the uterus to the connective tissue of the labium majus, as the round ligament of uterus
What is the blood supply of the ovary
Paired ovarian arteries - abdominal aorta
Drained by the ovarian veins - IVC
What is the lymph drainage of the ovaries
To the para-aortic nodes
Which neurovascular structures are contained in the suspensory ligament of the ovary
ovarian artery, ovarian vein, ovarian nerve plexus and lymphatic vessels
Where does the cardinal ligament extend between
The side of the cervix and the lateral fornix of the vagina.
They provide an extensive attachment on the lateral pelvic wall at the level of the ischial spines.
What are the 3 parts of the penis
Root
Body
Glans
Describe the root of the penis
Proximal fixed part of the penis
Located in the superficial perineal pouch of the pelvic floor
What does the root of the penis contain
3 erectile tissues - 2 crura and a bulb of the penis
2 muscles - ischiocavernous, bulbospongiosus
What composes the body of the penis
3 cylinders of erectile tissue - 2 corpus cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum
What forms the glans penis
Distal expansion of the corpus spongiosum
Where does the male urethra run in the penis and why is this physiologically important
Corpus spongiosum
It fills to a reduced pressure as to not occlude the urethra
What is the function of the 2x ischiocavernous muscles
Surrounds the left and right crura of the penis
Contracts to force blood from the cavernous spaces into the crura of the corpora cavernosa
What is the function of the 2x bulbospongiosum muscles
It contracts to empty the spongy urethra of any residual semen and urine
The anterior fibres also aid in maintaining erection by increasing the pressure in the bulb of the penis
What are the fascial coverings of the penis
External fascia of Colles
Deep fascia of the penis - Bucks
Tunica albuginea
Which 2 ligaments support the root of the penis
Suspensory ligament
Fundiform ligament
Describe the suspensory ligament of the penis
Condensation of the deep fascia
Connects the erectile bodies of the penis to the pubic symphysis
Describe the fungiform ligament of the penis
Condensation of the abdominal subcutaneous tissue
Runs down from the linea alba and surrounds the penis like a sling
What is the arterial supply of the penis and what are they branches of
Dorsal arteries of the penis
Deep arteries of the penis
Bulbourethral artery
All branches of the pudendal artery
What is the venous drainage of the penis
Paired veins
Deep dorsal vein of the penis
Superficial dorsal veins
What provides sensory and somatic innervation to the penis
Pudendal nerve
Describe the structure of a testicle
They consist of a series of lobules, each containing seminiferous tubules supported by interstitial tissue. The seminiferous tubules are lined by Sertoli cells that aid the maturation process of the spermatozoa.
In the interstitial tissue lie the Leydig cells that are responsible for testosterone production.
What are the parts of the testicle
Head
Body
Tail
Where is the origin of the vas deferens
The tail of the testicle
What are the vascular supply of the testicles
Paired testicular arteries - from the aorta
Branches of the cremasteric artery
Artery of the vans deferens
The artery of the cremasteric artery is a branch of which artery
Inferior epigastric artery
The artery of the vans deferens is a branch of which artery
Inferior vesical artery
What is the venous drainage of the penis
Via the pampiniform plexus
Where does the right testicular vein drain
Directly into IVC
Where does the left testicular vein drain
Left renal vein
What is the lymphatic drainage of the testes
Lumbar nodes
Para aortic nodes
What is contained within the scrotum
Testes
Epididymis
Spermatic cord
What are the layers of the scrotum
Skin
Superficial “Dartos” fascia
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle
Internal spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis
What is the blood supply of the scrotum
Anterior and posterior scrotal arteries
The anterior scrotal artery is a branch of which artery
External pudendal artery
The posterior scrotal artery is a branch of which artery
Internal pudendal artery
The scrotal veins drain into which main vein
Internal pudendal vein
What is the nervous innervation of the anterior scrotum
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve
What is the nervous innervation of the posterior scrotum
Perineal branches of the pudendal nerve
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum
Superficial inguinal nodes
The spermatic cord enters the scrotum via which structure
Superficial inguinal ring
What are the fascial coverings of the spermatic cord
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle and fascia
Internal spermatic fascia
The creamasteric fascia is derived from what
External oblique muscle and fascia
The internal spermatic fascia is derived from what
Transversalis fascia
What is the afferent and efferent fibres of the cremasteric reflex
Afferent (sensory) - ilioinguinal nerve
Efferent (motor) - genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
What are the contents of the spermatic cord
Testicular artery
Cremasteric artery and vein
Artery to the vas deferens
Pampiniform plexus of the testicular veins
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerves
Vas deferens
Processus vaginalis
Lymph vessels
What is the vas deferens
Straight, thick muscular tube that conveys sperm from the epididymis to the ampulla and eventually, to the ejaculatory duct
What is the anatomical course of the vas deferens
Continuous with the tail of the epididymis
Travels through the inguinal canal as part of the spermatic cord
Moves down the lateral pelvic wall
Travels down the posterior aspect of the bladder
Inferior narrow part of the ampulla joins the duct from the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct.
Where is the prostate
prostate is positioned inferiorly to the neck of the bladder
superiorly to the external urethral sphincter, with the levator ani muscle lying inferolaterally to the gland.
What is posterior to the rectum
Ampulla of the rectum
The prostatic ducts open into which part of the urethra
Prostatic urethra
What are the 3 zones of the prostate
Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Describe the central zone of the prostate
Surrounds ejaculatory ducts
25% of prostate volume
Describe the transitional zone of the prostate
Located centrally and surrounds the urethra
5-10% of normal prostate volume
Describe the peripheral zone of the prostate
Main body of gland - 65%
In which zone of the prostate does BPH occur
Transitional
In which zone of the prostate does cancer develop
Peripheral
How do the glands of the peripheral zone of the prostate differ to those of the central zone
Gland in peripheral zone - vertical, therefore reflux of urine can occur
Glands in central zone - oblique - therefore reflux of urine cannot occur
What is the blood supply of the prostate
Prostatic arteries
What are the prostatic arteries derived from
Internal iliac arteries
What is the venous drainage of the prostate
Prostatic venous plexus draining into the internal iliac veins
Where are the bulbourethral glands found
Posterolateral to the membranous urethra
What are Cowper’s glands
The bulbourethral glands
Which part of the male urethra do the bulbourethral glands open into
The spongy urethra
What is the blood supply of the bulbourethral glands
Arteries to the bulb of the penis
What is the lymphatic drainage of the bulbourethral glands
Internal and external iliac nodes
Where are the seminal vesicles found
Between the bladder fundus and the rectum
The seminal vesicles combine with what structure to form the ejaculatory duct
Vas deferens
In males what do the mesonephric ducts form
Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory ducts
Epididymis
Vas deferens
What is the ‘point and shoot phrase’ representative of
Erection (pointing) - parasympathetic innervation
Ejaculation (shooting) - sympathetic innervation
What is the lymphatic drainage of the seminal vesicles
External and internal iliac nodes
