Head Flashcards
What is the origin of the left and right common carotid arteries
Right common carotid - bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid - direct branch from the arch of the aorta
How do the common carotids ascend and what branches do they give off in the neck
Ascends lateral to the trachea and the oesophagus
No branches given off in the neck
At what level do the carotids bifurcate and within which structure
At the superior margin of the thyroid cartilage (C4)
Branch within the carotid triangle
What is found within the common carotid vessels at the point of bifurcation
Carotid sinus
Function - detecting and regulating BP
In summary - what does the external carotid artery supply
Areas of the head and neck external to the cranium
What are the 6 branches given off from the external carotid artery
Superior thyroid artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
What are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery
Superficial temporal artery
Maxillary artery
What are considered the major branches of the external carotid artery
Facial
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
Which branches of the external carotid artery supply the scalp
Posterior auricular
Occipital
Superficial temporal
The middle meningeal arteyr is a branch of which artery
Maxillary artery
(origin external carotid artery)
Where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranium
via the carotid canal in the petrous temporal bone
Where do the vertebral arteries arise for and at what level
From the subclavian artery
Medial to the anterior scalene
The vertebral arteries combine to form which major arteries
Basilar artery
What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk
Inferior thyroid artery
Transverse cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
The thryocervical trunk is a branch of which artery
Subclavian
The ascending cervical artery arises from what vessels
Inferior thyroid artery
What are the 3 anatomical divisions of the venous drainage of the head and neck
Venous drainage of the brain and meninges
Venous drainage of the scalp and face
Venous drainage of the neck
Describe in summary the venous drainage of the scalp and face
Drained by veins synonymous with the arteries of the face and scalp which empty into the internal and external jugular veins
Describe in summary the venous drainage of the neck
Carried out by anterior jugular veins
What forms the external jugular vein
Posterior auricular vein
Retromandibular vein
Where does the external jugular vein form
Immediately posterior to the angle of the mandible
Inferior to the outer ear
Where does the external jugular vein terminate
Beneath the clavicle by draining into the subclavian vein
Where does the internal jugular vein begin and as a continuation of what structure
In the cranial cavity
As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus
Where in the neck does the internal jugular vein travel
Within the carotid sheath
Deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Lateral to the common carotid artery
Where does the internal jugular vein terminate
At the base of the neck, posteriorly to the sternal end of the clavicle by combining with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein
Which veins drain into the external jugular vein
Posterior external jugular
Transverse cervical
Suprascapular veins
Which veins drain into the internal jugular vein
Facial
Lingual
Occipital
Superior and middle thyroid
What is found within the cavernous sinus
Internal carotid artery
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
Maxillary nerve (CN V2)
Where does the left jugular lymphatic trunk drain into
The left subclavian vein
After it has combined with the thoracic duct
Where does the right jugular lymphatic trunk drain into
Right subclavian vein
(before this it forms the right lymphatic duct at the root of the neck)
What are the superficial lymph node groups of the head
Occipital
Mastoid
Pre-auricular
Parotid
Submental
Submandibular
Facial
Superficial cervical
Where are the deep cervical LN found
Within the carotid sheath
What is Virchow’s node and what is its clinical significance
Left supraclavicular lymph node
Receives lymph drainage from the abdominal cavity - an enlarged virchows node is Trosier’s sign - suggestive of gastric cancer
What is Trosier’s sign
Enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node
What forms the TMJ
The articulation of the mandible and the temporal bone of the cranium
What is unique about the TMJ
The articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc and so are never in contact with each other
What ligaments support the TMJ
Lateral ligament
Sphenomandibular ligament
Stylomandibular ligament
What movements are facilitated by the TMJ
Protrusion and retraction
Elevation and retraction
What is the neuromuscular supply of the TMJ
Arterial supply - superficial temporal branch of the external carotid
Innervated by - auriculotemporal and massteric branches of the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
The concha of the auricle of the ear continues into the skull as which structure
External acoustic meatus
What is an auricular haematoma
A collection of blood between the cartilage of the ear and the overlying perichondrium
What makes up the walls of the external acoustic meatus
External 1/3 - cartilage
Internal 2/3 - temporal bone
The handle of malleus attaches to the tympanic membrane at what point
The umbo
The external ear is supplied by branches of which artery (+ name them)
External carotid artery
Posterior auricular artery
Superficial temporal artery
Occipital artery
Maxillary artery
What is the innervation to the external ear
Greater auricular nerve
Lesser occipital nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve
Branches of the facial and vagus nerve
What are the 2 part of the middle ear
Tympanic cavity
Epitympanic recess
What are the bones of the middle ear
The auditory ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Which auditory ossicle attaches to the tympanic membrane
The malleus via the handle of the malleus
What are the mastoid air cells
A collection of air-filled spaces in the mastoid process of the temporal bone
located posterior to epitympanic recess.
What are the 2 muscles of the inner ear
Tensor tympani
Stapedius
What is the innervation of tensor tympani
Nerve to tensor tympanic (branch of the mandibular nerve)
What is the innervation of stapedius
Facial nerve
What are the 2 components of the inner ear
Bony labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth
What are the components of the bony labryinth
Cochlea
Vestibule
Semi-circular canals
in which part of the ear is peirlymph found and in which part is endolymph found
Perilymph - bony labyrinth
Endolymph - membranous labryinth
What are the components of the membranous labyrinth
Cochlear duct, semi-circular ducts, utricle and the saccule
What is the blood supply to the bony labyrinth
Anterior tympanic branch of maxillary artery
Petrosal branch of the mandibular artery
Stylomastoid branch of the posterior auricular artery
What is the blood supply of the membranous labyrinth
Labryinthe artery - divides into 3 branches - cochlear branch and x2 vestibular branches
What is the origin of the labryinthe artery
Inferior cerebellar artery
Where does the eustachian tube connect
The tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx
From which pharyngeal pouch does the Eustachian tube originate from
First
Which artery is closely related to the Eustachian tube
Internal carotid artery
Which 4 muscles act on the Eustachian tube
Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Salpingopharyngeus
Tensor tympani
Which of the muscles which act on the Eustachian tube are innervated by the mandibular nerve
Tensor veli palatini
Tensory tympanic
Which of the muscle which act on the Eustachian tube are innervated by the vagus nerve
Levator veli palatini
Salpingopharyngeus
What is the main arterial supply and venous drainage of the Eustachian tube
Maxillary artery
Pterygoid venous plexus
Which extra ocular muscles are responsible for eye movement
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior oblique
Superior oblique
Which extra ocular muscles are responsible for eyelid movement
Levator palpebrae superioris
What is the innervation of Levator palpebrae superioris
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Which extra ocular muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Levator palpebrae superioris
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior oblique
Which extra ocular rectus muscle is not innervates by the oculomotor nerve and what innervates innervates it
Lateral rectus
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
What is the function of superior rectus muscle
Elevation of eyeball
What is the function of inferior rectus muscle
Depression of eyeball
What is the function of lateral rectus muscle
Abducts eyeball
What is the function of medial rectus muscle
Adducts eyeball
What is the action of the superior oblique muscle and what is its innervation
Depresses, abducts and medially rotates the eyeball
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
What is the action of inferior oblique muscle and what is its innervation
Elevates, abducts and medially rotates the eyeball
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Describe the clinical features of an oculomotor nerve palsy
‘Down and out eye’
The affected eye is displaced laterally by the lateral rectus and inferiorly by the superior oblique
Describe the clinical features of a trochlear nerve palsy
Diploplia and head tilt
Describe the clinical features of an abducens nerve palsy
Resting eye is adducted
What are the clinical features of Horner’s syndrome
Partial ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) – Due to denervation of the superior tarsal muscle.
Miosis (pupillary constriction) – Due to denervation of the dilator pupillae muscle.
Anhidrosis (absence of sweating) on the ipsilateral side of the face – Due to denervation of the sweat glands.
Which part of the eyeball do the extra-ocular muscles attach to
Sclera
What are the fibrous components of the eye
Scelera
Cornea
What are the vascular components of the eye
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris
The shape of the lens is altered by which structure
Ciliary body
What is the arterial supply of the eyeball
Ophthalmic artery
What is the venous drainage of the eyeball
Superior and inferior opthalmic veins
What is the most important branch of the opthalmic artery
Central artery of the retina
What are the layers of the eyelid
Skin and subcutaneous tissue
Orbicularis oculi
Tarsal plates
Levator apparatus
Conjunctiva
What are Meibomian glands
Also known as tarsal glands
Glands that lie in the tarsal plate and secrete an oily substance onto the eyeball to keep tears
Which muscles open the eyelid
levator palpebrae superioris and superior tarsal muscles
What is the blood supply to the eyelids
Opthalmic artery
Facial artery
Superficial temporal artery
What is the innervation to the eyelids
Upper eyelid - Opthalmic nerve (CN V1)
Lower eyelid - maxillary nerve (CN V2)
What is the innervation to the lacrimal gland
Opthalmic nerve
PSNS - pterygopalatine ganglion, responsible for tear secretion
What is Dacryoadenitis
Inflammation of the lacrimal glands
What are the 3 divisions of the nasal cavity
Vestibule
Respiratory region
Olfactory region
Where is the spheno-ethmoidal recess found
Superiorly and posteriorly to the superior concha
Which structure open up into the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Nasolacrimal duct
Eustachian tube
what is the incisive canal
Pathway between the nasal cavity and the incisive fossa of the cranial cavity
Transmits nasopalatine nerve and greater palatine artery
What is Kiesselbach area
An area in the anterior third of the nose - area of rich anastomosis therefore the site of nosebleeds
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Sphenoid sinus
How many ethmoidal sinuses are there
3 paired sinuses
Anterior, middle, posterior
Which is the largest paranasal sinus
Maxillary sinus
