Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MRCS > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of the left and right common carotid arteries

A

Right common carotid - bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid - direct branch from the arch of the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do the common carotids ascend and what branches do they give off in the neck

A

Ascends lateral to the trachea and the oesophagus
No branches given off in the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

At what level do the carotids bifurcate and within which structure

A

At the superior margin of the thyroid cartilage (C4)
Branch within the carotid triangle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is found within the common carotid vessels at the point of bifurcation

A

Carotid sinus
Function - detecting and regulating BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In summary - what does the external carotid artery supply

A

Areas of the head and neck external to the cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 6 branches given off from the external carotid artery

A

Superior thyroid artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery

A

Superficial temporal artery
Maxillary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are considered the major branches of the external carotid artery

A

Facial
Maxillary
Superficial temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which branches of the external carotid artery supply the scalp

A

Posterior auricular
Occipital
Superficial temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The middle meningeal arteyr is a branch of which artery

A

Maxillary artery
(origin external carotid artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranium

A

via the carotid canal in the petrous temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries arise for and at what level

A

From the subclavian artery
Medial to the anterior scalene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The vertebral arteries combine to form which major arteries

A

Basilar artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk

A

Inferior thyroid artery
Transverse cervical artery
Suprascapular artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The thryocervical trunk is a branch of which artery

A

Subclavian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The ascending cervical artery arises from what vessels

A

Inferior thyroid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 anatomical divisions of the venous drainage of the head and neck

A

Venous drainage of the brain and meninges
Venous drainage of the scalp and face
Venous drainage of the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe in summary the venous drainage of the scalp and face

A

Drained by veins synonymous with the arteries of the face and scalp which empty into the internal and external jugular veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe in summary the venous drainage of the neck

A

Carried out by anterior jugular veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What forms the external jugular vein

A

Posterior auricular vein
Retromandibular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does the external jugular vein form

A

Immediately posterior to the angle of the mandible
Inferior to the outer ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where does the external jugular vein terminate

A

Beneath the clavicle by draining into the subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein begin and as a continuation of what structure

A

In the cranial cavity
As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where in the neck does the internal jugular vein travel

A

Within the carotid sheath
Deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Lateral to the common carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein terminate

A

At the base of the neck, posteriorly to the sternal end of the clavicle by combining with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which veins drain into the external jugular vein

A

Posterior external jugular
Transverse cervical
Suprascapular veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which veins drain into the internal jugular vein

A

Facial
Lingual
Occipital
Superior and middle thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is found within the cavernous sinus

A

Internal carotid artery
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
Maxillary nerve (CN V2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where does the left jugular lymphatic trunk drain into

A

The left subclavian vein
After it has combined with the thoracic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where does the right jugular lymphatic trunk drain into

A

Right subclavian vein
(before this it forms the right lymphatic duct at the root of the neck)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the superficial lymph node groups of the head

A

Occipital
Mastoid
Pre-auricular
Parotid
Submental
Submandibular
Facial
Superficial cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where are the deep cervical LN found

A

Within the carotid sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is Virchow’s node and what is its clinical significance

A

Left supraclavicular lymph node
Receives lymph drainage from the abdominal cavity - an enlarged virchows node is Trosier’s sign - suggestive of gastric cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is Trosier’s sign

A

Enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What forms the TMJ

A

The articulation of the mandible and the temporal bone of the cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is unique about the TMJ

A

The articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc and so are never in contact with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What ligaments support the TMJ

A

Lateral ligament
Sphenomandibular ligament
Stylomandibular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What movements are facilitated by the TMJ

A

Protrusion and retraction
Elevation and retraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the neuromuscular supply of the TMJ

A

Arterial supply - superficial temporal branch of the external carotid
Innervated by - auriculotemporal and massteric branches of the mandibular nerve (CN V3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The concha of the auricle of the ear continues into the skull as which structure

A

External acoustic meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is an auricular haematoma

A

A collection of blood between the cartilage of the ear and the overlying perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What makes up the walls of the external acoustic meatus

A

External 1/3 - cartilage
Internal 2/3 - temporal bone

43
Q

The handle of malleus attaches to the tympanic membrane at what point

A

The umbo

44
Q

The external ear is supplied by branches of which artery (+ name them)

A

External carotid artery
Posterior auricular artery
Superficial temporal artery
Occipital artery
Maxillary artery

45
Q

What is the innervation to the external ear

A

Greater auricular nerve
Lesser occipital nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve
Branches of the facial and vagus nerve

46
Q

What are the 2 part of the middle ear

A

Tympanic cavity
Epitympanic recess

47
Q

What are the bones of the middle ear

A

The auditory ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes

48
Q

Which auditory ossicle attaches to the tympanic membrane

A

The malleus via the handle of the malleus

49
Q

What are the mastoid air cells

A

A collection of air-filled spaces in the mastoid process of the temporal bone
located posterior to epitympanic recess.

50
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the inner ear

A

Tensor tympani
Stapedius

51
Q

What is the innervation of tensor tympani

A

Nerve to tensor tympanic (branch of the mandibular nerve)

52
Q

What is the innervation of stapedius

A

Facial nerve

53
Q

What are the 2 components of the inner ear

A

Bony labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth

54
Q

What are the components of the bony labryinth

A

Cochlea
Vestibule
Semi-circular canals

55
Q

in which part of the ear is peirlymph found and in which part is endolymph found

A

Perilymph - bony labyrinth
Endolymph - membranous labryinth

56
Q

What are the components of the membranous labyrinth

A

Cochlear duct, semi-circular ducts, utricle and the saccule

57
Q

What is the blood supply to the bony labyrinth

A

Anterior tympanic branch of maxillary artery
Petrosal branch of the mandibular artery
Stylomastoid branch of the posterior auricular artery

58
Q

What is the blood supply of the membranous labyrinth

A

Labryinthe artery - divides into 3 branches - cochlear branch and x2 vestibular branches

59
Q

What is the origin of the labryinthe artery

A

Inferior cerebellar artery

60
Q

Where does the eustachian tube connect

A

The tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx

61
Q

From which pharyngeal pouch does the Eustachian tube originate from

A

First

62
Q

Which artery is closely related to the Eustachian tube

A

Internal carotid artery

63
Q

Which 4 muscles act on the Eustachian tube

A

Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Salpingopharyngeus
Tensor tympani

64
Q

Which of the muscles which act on the Eustachian tube are innervated by the mandibular nerve

A

Tensor veli palatini
Tensory tympanic

65
Q

Which of the muscle which act on the Eustachian tube are innervated by the vagus nerve

A

Levator veli palatini
Salpingopharyngeus

66
Q

What is the main arterial supply and venous drainage of the Eustachian tube

A

Maxillary artery
Pterygoid venous plexus

67
Q

Which extra ocular muscles are responsible for eye movement

A

Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior oblique
Superior oblique

68
Q

Which extra ocular muscles are responsible for eyelid movement

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

69
Q

What is the innervation of Levator palpebrae superioris

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

70
Q

Which extra ocular muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III)

A

Levator palpebrae superioris
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior oblique

71
Q

Which extra ocular rectus muscle is not innervates by the oculomotor nerve and what innervates innervates it

A

Lateral rectus
Abducens nerve (CN VI)

72
Q

What is the function of superior rectus muscle

A

Elevation of eyeball

73
Q

What is the function of inferior rectus muscle

A

Depression of eyeball

74
Q

What is the function of lateral rectus muscle

A

Abducts eyeball

75
Q

What is the function of medial rectus muscle

A

Adducts eyeball

76
Q

What is the action of the superior oblique muscle and what is its innervation

A

Depresses, abducts and medially rotates the eyeball
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

77
Q

What is the action of inferior oblique muscle and what is its innervation

A

Elevates, abducts and medially rotates the eyeball
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

78
Q

Describe the clinical features of an oculomotor nerve palsy

A

‘Down and out eye’
The affected eye is displaced laterally by the lateral rectus and inferiorly by the superior oblique

79
Q

Describe the clinical features of a trochlear nerve palsy

A

Diploplia and head tilt

80
Q

Describe the clinical features of an abducens nerve palsy

A

Resting eye is adducted

81
Q

What are the clinical features of Horner’s syndrome

A

Partial ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) – Due to denervation of the superior tarsal muscle.
Miosis (pupillary constriction) – Due to denervation of the dilator pupillae muscle.
Anhidrosis (absence of sweating) on the ipsilateral side of the face – Due to denervation of the sweat glands.

82
Q

Which part of the eyeball do the extra-ocular muscles attach to

A

Sclera

83
Q

What are the fibrous components of the eye

A

Scelera
Cornea

84
Q

What are the vascular components of the eye

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

85
Q

The shape of the lens is altered by which structure

A

Ciliary body

86
Q

What is the arterial supply of the eyeball

A

Ophthalmic artery

87
Q

What is the venous drainage of the eyeball

A

Superior and inferior opthalmic veins

88
Q

What is the most important branch of the opthalmic artery

A

Central artery of the retina

89
Q

What are the layers of the eyelid

A

Skin and subcutaneous tissue
Orbicularis oculi
Tarsal plates
Levator apparatus
Conjunctiva

90
Q

What are Meibomian glands

A

Also known as tarsal glands
Glands that lie in the tarsal plate and secrete an oily substance onto the eyeball to keep tears

91
Q

Which muscles open the eyelid

A

levator palpebrae superioris and superior tarsal muscles

92
Q

What is the blood supply to the eyelids

A

Opthalmic artery
Facial artery
Superficial temporal artery

93
Q

What is the innervation to the eyelids

A

Upper eyelid - Opthalmic nerve (CN V1)
Lower eyelid - maxillary nerve (CN V2)

94
Q

What is the innervation to the lacrimal gland

A

Opthalmic nerve
PSNS - pterygopalatine ganglion, responsible for tear secretion

95
Q

What is Dacryoadenitis

A

Inflammation of the lacrimal glands

96
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the nasal cavity

A

Vestibule
Respiratory region
Olfactory region

97
Q

Where is the spheno-ethmoidal recess found

A

Superiorly and posteriorly to the superior concha

98
Q

Which structure open up into the nasal cavity

A

Paranasal sinuses
Nasolacrimal duct
Eustachian tube

99
Q

what is the incisive canal

A

Pathway between the nasal cavity and the incisive fossa of the cranial cavity
Transmits nasopalatine nerve and greater palatine artery

100
Q

What is Kiesselbach area

A

An area in the anterior third of the nose - area of rich anastomosis therefore the site of nosebleeds

101
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Sphenoid sinus

102
Q

How many ethmoidal sinuses are there

A

3 paired sinuses
Anterior, middle, posterior

103
Q

Which is the largest paranasal sinus

A

Maxillary sinus

MRCS (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions