Cranial Flashcards
What bones make up the anterior cranial fossa
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
What attaches to the frontal crest
Falx cerebri
What is the crista Galli and what attaches here
An upward projection of bone from the ethmoid bone
A point of attachment for the falx cerebri
What is found on either side of the crista galli
Cribiform plate
On which aspect of the sphenoid bone does the tentorium cerebelli attach
Anterior and posterior clinoid process of the sphenoid
What is transmitted through the anterior ethmoidal foramen
Anterior ethmoidal artery, nerve and vein
What is transmitted through the posterior ethmoidal foramen
posterior ethmoidal artery, nerve and vein.
Which part of the anterior cranial fossa is the thinnest and most vulnerable to fracture
Cribiform plate
What forms the middle cranial fossa
Sphenoid bone
2x temporal bones
In which cranial fossa is the pituitary gland found
Middle cranial fossa
Which part of the sphenoid bone accommodates the pituitary gland
Sella turcica
In which bone is the optic canal found and what does it transmit
Sphenoid bone
Optic nerve and ophthalmic arteries
Which 4 Foramina are found in the middle cranial fossa
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
What is transmitted through the superior orbital fissure
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V1) (lacrimal, nasociliary and frontal branches)
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Ophthalmic veins and sympathetic fibres
What is transmitted through the foramen rotundum
Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V2)
What is transmitted through the foramen ovale
Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
Accessory meningeal artery
What is transmitted through the Foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal artery
Middle meningeal vein
Meningeal branch of CN V3
Which 4 foramina pass through the temporal bone
Hiatus of the greater petrosal nerve
Hiatus of lesser petrosal nerve
Carotid canal
What is transmitted through the hiatus of the greater petrosal nerve
Greater petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial nerve)
Petrosal branch of the middle menigneal artery
What is transmitted through the hiatus of the lesser petrosal nerve
Lesser petrosal nerve (branch of glossopharyngeal)
What is transmitted through the carotid canal
Internal carotid artery
Deep petrosal nerve
What forms the posterior cranial fossa
Occipital bone
2x temporal bones
Which foramina is found in the temporal bone
Internal acoustic meatus
What passes through the internal acoustic meatus
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Vestibular ganglion
Labriynthe artery
What are the formaina found in the occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
What is transmitted through the foramen magnum
Medulla of brain
Meninges
Vertebral arteries
Spinal accessory nerve
Dural veins
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
What is transmitted through the jugular foramen
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Spinal accessory nerve
Internal jugular vein
Inferior petrosal sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries.
What is transmitted through the hypoglossal canal
Hypoglossal nerve
What is the pterygopalantine fossa
Bilateral, cone-shaped depression extending deep from the infratemporal fossa all the way to the nasal cavity via the sphenopalatine foramen
What communicates with the pterygopalatine fossa
Pterygomaxillary fissure
Foramen rotundum
Pterygoid canal
Pharyngeal canal
Inferior orbital fissure
Greater palatine canal
Sphenopalatine foramen
What is the contents of the pterygopalatine fossa
Maxillary nerve
Maxillary artery
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Where is the inferior orbital fissure found
between the sphenoid and maxillary bones
What is transmitted by the inferior orbital fissure
Zygomatic branch of the maxillary nerve
Infraorbital artery and vein
What does the sphenopalatine foramen connect
Pterygopalatine fossa to the nasal cavity
What is transmitted by the sphenopalatine foramen
Sphenopalatine artery and vein
Nasopalatine nerve
Which nerves pass through the infratemporal fossa
Mandibular nerve
Sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve - Auriculotemporal, buccal, lingual and inferior alveolar nerves
Chorda tympani
Otic ganglion
Which blood vessels pass through the infratemporal fossa
Maxillary artery
Pterygoid venous plexus
Maxillary vein
Middle meningeal vein
Which artery gives rise to the middle meningeal artery
Maxillary artery
What is MacEwan’s triangle
Mastoid fossa
Which bones form the cranial roof
Frontal
Occipital
2 x parietal bones
Which bones form the cranial base
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Occipital
Parietal
Temporal
What are the facial bones
Zygomatic x 2
Lacrimal x 2
Nasal x 2
Inferior nasal conchae x 2
Palatine x 2
Maxilla x 2
Vomer
Mandible
Le Fort Classification classifies fractures of which bone
Maxilla
What is a Le Fort 1 #
Horizontal # of the alevolar ridge (above upper teeth, just below nose)
What is Le Fort 2 #
line is from corners of mouth up the bridge of nose in a triangle
Pyramidal # of the nasofrontal suture
# from the corners of mouth up the bridge of nose in a triangle shape
What is a Le Fort 3 #
line runs across entire face at point of midpoint of orbits
Horizontal cranial facial dislocation
# line runs across entire width of face, at level of mid orbit
what are the sutures of the skull
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lamboid suture
What is the coronal sutures between
The frontal bone and parietal bones
What is the sagittal suture between
Between the two parietal bones
What is the lambdoid suture between
Occipital bones and 2 parietal bones
What forms the roof of the orbit
Frontal bone and lesser wing of sphenoid
What forms the floor of the orbit
Maxilla, palatine, zygomatic bones
What forms the lateral wall of the orbit
Zygomatic bone and greater wing of sphenoid
What forms the medial wall of the orbit
Ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal and sphenoid bones
What are the 3 pathways into the orbit
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
What are the 3 features of the internal surface of the frontal bone
Sagital sulcus - contains superior sagittal sinus
Frontal crest - falx cerebri attaches
Groove for the anterior middle meningeal artery
Which muscle attaches to the frontal bone and via what
Cartilaginous pulley for the superior oblique muscle
Attaches to the trochlear fossa
Which bones does the frontal bone articulate with
Paired - Nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, parietal, zygomatic
Unpaired - Ethmoid, sphenoid
Why is the sphenoidal body basically hollow
It contains the sphenoidal sinuses
What are the bony landmarks of the sphenoid body
Sella turcica
Chiasmatic groove
Which wing of the sphenoid is the optic canal in
Lesser wing
Which parts of the facial skeleton does the greater wing of the sphenoid contribute to
Floor of middle cranial fossa
Lateral wall of skull
Posterolateral wall of orbit
Which foramina are found in the greater wing of the sphenoid
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
To which part of the sphenoid bone do muscles attach
The lateral pterygoid plates
The superior orbital fissure is found where
Between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid
Which part of the sella turcica in the sphenoid bone does the pituitary sit
Hypophyseal fossa
Which part of the ethmoid bone makes up the roof of the nasal cavity
Cribiform plate
The superior 2/3 of the nasal septum is formed by which structure
Perpendicular plate of the sphenoid bone
What is contained in the ethmoidal labyrinths
Ethmoidal air cells - sinuses
Which CN has a close relationship with the ethmoid bone
CN I - Olfactory nerve
What are the 5 parts of the temporal bone
Squamous
Tympanic
Petromastoid
Zygomatic process
Styloid process
The squamous part of the temporal bone is the origin of which muscle
Temporalis
The zygomatic process of the temporal bone articulates with what to form the palpable cheek bone
Temporal process of the zygomatic bone
Which part of the temporal bone surrounds the external auditory opening
Tympanic part of the temporal bone
Which part of the temporal bone contains the inner ear
Petrous part
Which muscles attach to the temporal bone
Temporalis
Masseter
Sternocleidomastoid
Posterior belly of digastric
Splenius capitus
What is the pterion
the area where the temporal, parietal, frontal and sphenoid bones meet
What are the three parts of the occipital bone
Squamous
Condylar
Basilar
Which grooves are found on the interior surface of the occipital bone
Groove for transverse sinus
Groove for superior sagittal sinus
Internal occipital crest
The falx cerebri attaches to which structure on the interior surface of the occipital bone
Internal occipital crest
What are the 4 lines found on the external surface of the occipital bone
Supreme nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Median nuchal line
Inferior nuchal line
What do the occipital condyles articulate with
The atlas
Which foramina are found in the occipital bone
Hypoglossal canal
Jugular foramen
Which region of the occipital bone forms the anterior part of the foramen magnum
Basilar region of the occipital bone
Why is the loose aerolar connective tissue over the occipital scalp known as the ‘danger area’
contains valveless emissary veins that connect the superficial veins in the subaponeurotic space with the intracranial venous sinuses
Makes it possible for infection to spread between the scalp to the meninges
What are the parts of the mandible
Central body
2 vertical rami
What are the 2 borders of the body of the mandible
Alveolar border - superior
Base - inferior
What does the alveolar border of the mandible contain
16 sockets to hold the lower teeth
What is enclosed within the mandibular symphysis
Mental protuberance
What are the 3 parts of the rami of the mandible
Head
Neck
Coronoid process
What does the head of the mandible articulate with
The temporal bone
Which muscle attaches to the neck of the mandible
Lateral pterygoid muscle
Which muscle attaches to the coronoid process of the mandible
Temporalis
What 2 foramen are found in the mandible
Mandibular foramen
Mental foramen
What passes through the mandibular foramen
Inferior alveolar nerve and inferior alveolar artery
What passes through the mental foramen
Allows the inferior alveolar nerve and artery to exit the mandibular canal
What does the inferior alveolar nerve become once it has passed through the mental foramen
Mental nerve
Which muscles attach to the external surface of the body of the mandible
Mentalis
Buccinator
Platysma
Depressor labii inferioris
Depressor anguli oris
Which muscles attach to the internal surface of the body of the mandible
Geniogossus
Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid
Digastric
Which muscles attach to the rami of the mandible
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Which bones form the internal nasal septum
Paired bones - nasal, maxillary, palatine
Unpaired bones - Ethmoid and vomer bones
Which bone forms the posterior aspect of the nasal septum
Vomer
