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MRCS > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of the greater omentum

A

Dorsal mesentery

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2
Q

What is the origin of the lesser omentum

A

Ventral mesentery

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3
Q

The ventral mesentery develops into which two ligaments

A

Hepatogastric
Hepatoduodenal

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4
Q

The median umbilical fold is the remnant of what

A

Also known as the median umbilical ligament, it is the remnants of the the urachus extending from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus

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5
Q

The 2 medial umbilical folds of the anterior abdominal wall are remnants of which structures

A

Umbilical arteries

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6
Q

What is the course of the umbilical arteries

A

From the iliac arteries to the umbilicus

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7
Q

Where does the the diaphragm develop from

A

The septum transversum

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8
Q

Explain the nerve supply of the diaphragm

A

Supplied by C3, 4 and 5 (phrenic nerve) - as the lungs expand during development the diaphragm is forced inferiorly, which drags the nerve supply
Supplied by the upper cervical ventral rami despite being at the base of the thorax in the adult

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9
Q

What are the embryological components of the diaphragm

A

Septum transverse
Pleuroperitoneal membrane
Dorsal mesentery of the oesophagus
Ingrowth from the body wall

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10
Q

The septum transversum becomes which structure in the adult

A

Central tendon

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11
Q

The crurs of the diaphragm develop from which structure

A

The dorsal mesentery of the oesophagus

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12
Q

How does the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm develop

A

Fibres from the right crus cross over the midline, creating a loop around the oesophagus

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13
Q

There are 3 hiatus in the diaphragm - at which levels are these found and what structures will pass through them

A

T8 - right phrenic nerve, IVC
T10 - oesophagus, left gastric artery and vein, vagal trunks
T12 - thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, azygos and hemiazygos veins

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14
Q

Incomplete development of the diaphragm leads to what condition and how does this present

A

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Midgut structures can pass through into the thorax - leading to pulmonary hypoplasia (often left sided)
2 types - Morgani and Bochladek
Morgani hernias - more often contain bowel, less commonly cause lung hypoplasia

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15
Q

The gut tube is developed from which layer of the trilaminar disc at week 3 of development

A

Endoderm

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16
Q

From which layer of the trilaminar disc is the urogenital system developed

A

Mesoderm

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17
Q

Which structures does the vitellien duct connect

A

The forgut to the yolk sac

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18
Q

Which structures have an ectodermal origin

A

Central and peripheral nervous system, epidermis and sensory epithelium

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19
Q

Which structures develop from the mesoderm

A

Muscle, bones, connective tissue, blood, blood vessels, serous membranes, urogenital system

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20
Q

What develops from the endoderm

A

The gute tube and villous structures derived from it (GI, respiratory, reproductive)

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21
Q

How does the thorax and abdomen become 2 separate cavities

A

Septum transversem grows from the anterior body wall to meet the gut tube, 2 pleuroperitoneal membranes grow from the posterior abdominal wall to meet the septum transversum

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22
Q

Which structures develop from the foregut

A

Pharynx
oesophageal - also gives respiratory diverticulum which develop into lung buds and trachea
Stomach
Duodenum
Pharyngeal pouch derivatives
Liver, pancreas, gallbladder and associated ducts

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23
Q

What is the origin fo the blood supply of the foregut

A

Coeliac axis

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24
Q

What structures develop from the midgut

A

Duodenum - distal to the duodenal papillae - 2nd, 3rd, 4th part
Jejunum
Ileum
Caecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Right 2/3 of transverse colon

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25
Q

What is the blood supply of the midgut

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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26
Q

Which structures develop from the hindgut

A

Left 1/3 of the transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Part of the urogenital sinus

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27
Q

What is the blood supply of the hindgut

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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28
Q

What is the relationship of the dorsal mesentery and the gut tube

A

Suspends the gut tube from the posterior abdominal wall

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29
Q

What arises from the dorsal mesenteries

A

Dorsal mesogastrium
Dorsal mesoduodenum
The mesentery - connected to the ileum and jejunum
Dorsal mesocolon - forms the transverse and sigmoid mesocolon

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30
Q

Which structures develop from the dorsal mesogastrium

A

Gastrosplenic, gastrophrenic, linorenal ligaments and the greater omentum

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31
Q

What is the ventral mesentery derived from

A

Septum transversum

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32
Q

The growth of which organ divides the ventral mesentery

A

Liver

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33
Q

What is the ventral mesentery divided into

A

Lesser omentum - posteriorly
Falciform ligament - anteriorly

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34
Q

Atresia of the abdominal organs arises when what physiological process does not occur

A

Recannualisation of the gut tube in weeks 6 and 7

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35
Q

The respiratory diverticulum develop from the ventral wall of which organ

A

Oesophagus

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36
Q

What is the function of the trachea-oesophageal septum

A

Partions off the oesophagus from the respiratory diverticulum ( respiratory primordium)

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37
Q

Describe the rotation of the stomach

A

In weeks 7 and 8 the stomach rotates 90 degrees on its longitudinal axis, bringing the lesser curvature to the right and the greater curvature to the left

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38
Q

After the initial longitudinal rotation of the stomach how does else does it move to its final position

A

Following 90 degrees of rotation along its longitudinal axis the stomach then moves, so that the cranial region moves left and inferior, whereas the caudal aspect moves right and superiorly

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39
Q

How does the omental bursa develop

A

Dorsal mesogastrium is pulled to the right, creating a space behind the stomach

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40
Q

How does the duodenum become a secondarily retroperitoneal organ

A

The rotation of the stomach causes the duodenum to bend into a c shape, and displaces it to the right so that it lies against the posterior body wall where it adheres and loses its mesentery

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41
Q

Where do the liver and gallbladder develop from

A

They arise from as a ventral outgrowth from the caudal foregut- the hepatic diverticulum (liver bud)

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42
Q

Explain how the bare area of the liver develops

A

When the septum transversum forms the central tendon of the diaphragm, the diaphragm remains in contact with the liver, meaning it has a bare area not covered by peritoneum. The surrounding peritoneum forms the coronary ligament around the bare area.

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43
Q

Which structures connects the liver to the duodenum

A

Hepatic duct

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44
Q

Where does the pancreas develop from

A

The dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds from the endoderm of the duodenum

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45
Q

Which structures develop from the dorsal pancreatic bud

A

Upper head, body, and tail of pancreas

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46
Q

Which structures develop from the ventral pancreatic bud

A

Inferior head and ucinate process

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47
Q

what is the main pancreatic duct formed from

A

The dorsal and ventral pancreatic bud

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48
Q

What forms the accessory pancreatic duct

A

Proximal dorsal pancreatic bud

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49
Q

What is an annular pancreas

A

Where the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds fuse around the duodenum in a circle

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50
Q

What divides the dorsal mesogastrium into two ligaments

A

Linorenal ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament

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51
Q

Describe the extent of the recesses of the omental bursa (lesser sac)

A

The lower recess of the omental bursa lies inside the greater omentum and does not extend beyond the level of the transverse colon
The upper recess extends up behind the livers left lobe

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52
Q

Describe physiological umbilical herniation

A

The midgut elongates to form abentral v shape loop of the gut, then the midgut/primary intestinal loop projects into the umbilical cord - this is to allow for the rapid growth of the abdominal organs which the abdominal cavity cannot accommodate - there is rapid growth of mesentery to allow for this

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53
Q

Describe the cranial limb of the midgut during umbilical herniation

A

Grows rapidly, developing into the distal duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum

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54
Q

Describe the caudal limb of the midgut during umbilical herniation

A

Minimal change other than for the growth of the caecal diverticulum - forms the lower, ileum, the ascending colon and the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon

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55
Q

Describe the rotation of the midgut

A

While in the umbilical cord the midgut loop rotates 90 degrees anticlockwise around the axis of the SMA.
During the rotation the cranial loop of the midgut elongates and forms the jejunal and ileal loops and the expanding caecum forms a vermiform appendix
Passes back into the abdomen - and undergoes a further 180 degrees of anticlockwise rotation

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56
Q

Where is the caecal diverticulum initially found in the abdomen and describe it’s descent

A

Initially in the right upper quadrant, lying behind the right lobe of the liver, descends to the right iliac fossa - this gives rise to the ascending colon and the hepatic flexure on the right of the abdomen

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57
Q

Why are the ascending and descending colon secondary retroperitoneal

A

The dorsal mesenteries for the ascending and descending colon shorten and fold, bringing the sections of colon into contact with the posterior abdominal wall

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58
Q

Which parts of the colon retain their mesenteries

A

Appendix, caecum, sigmoid colon
Transverse mesocolon fuses with the posterior layer of the greater omentum (so the transverse colon remains intraperitoneal)

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59
Q

What is the blood supply of the hindgut

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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60
Q

What does the hindgut form

A

The left 1/3 of the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, the rectum, the superior part of the anal canal and the urinary bladder, +majority of the urethra

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61
Q

What is the cloaca

A

The terminal part of the gut tube

62
Q

What does the anterior portion of the cloaca form compared to the posterior portion

A

Anterior - urogenital system
Posterior - anorectal canal

63
Q

What is the relationship between the allantois and cloaca

A

The cloaca receives the allantois ventrally - this developed as an outgrowth from the caudal end of the yolk sac, it is seen as a short blind tube running into the connecting stalk

64
Q

What causes the fibrosis of the allantois and what does it become

A

Enlargement of the bladder leads to fibrosis of the allantois, with it becoming the urachus

65
Q

What causes the cloaca to partition and into what partitions

A

The urorectal septum grows into the cloaca from the angle between the allantois and hindugt - partitions the cloaca into the ventral primitive urogenital sinus and dorsally - the rectum

66
Q

What does the urogenital sinus give rise to

A

The bladder, pelvic urethra

67
Q

What occurs following fusion of the urogenital sinus with the cloacal membrane

A

Divides it into the ventral urogenital membrane and the dorsal anal membrane
It also divides the cloacal sphincter into the external anal sphincter posteriorly, and the superficial transverse perineal, bulbospongiosum, and ischiocavernous muscles anteriorly

68
Q

What is the origin of the anal canal

A

The superior 2/3 - derived from the handout
Inferior 1/3 from the proctoderm
The border between the two is marked by the rectorate crus

69
Q

How does an imperfonate anus occur

A

Where the anal breakdown does not breakdown - usually happens in week 8

70
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease

A

The lack of normal development of colonic innervation - leads to a constricted aganglionic segment of the bowel with a distended segment proximally

71
Q

What is exompthalmos

A

Failure of the intestines to return back to the abdomen, lies within the peritoneum and minion in the umbilical cord (viscera is covered by peritoneum)

72
Q

What is gastroschisis

A

Failure of the abdominal wall - the open abdominal wall leads to exposed viscera

73
Q

Where does the spleen develop

A

Within the dorsal mesentery close to the posterior wall - the tail of the pancreas extends into the lenorenal ligament with the splenic vessels

74
Q

What does the gastrosplenic ligament connect

A

The spleen to the stomach

75
Q

Where does the allantois span

A

From the ventral region of the urogenital sinus to the umbilicus

76
Q

What is the distal portion of the allantois Calle

A

Urachus

77
Q

What does the urachus become in the adult

A

The median fold of the anterior abdominal wall

78
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm become

A

The peritoneal cavity

79
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm become

A

The posterior abdominal and pelvic wall

80
Q

What are the Wolffan ducts

A

The mesonephric ducts

81
Q

What the three primitive kidney systems that are formed

A

Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros

82
Q

What becomes the definitive kidney

A

Metanephros

83
Q

What forms the renal tissue

A

Metanephric blastema

84
Q

Where does the ureteric bud extend from

A

Caudal mesonephric duct

85
Q

What occurs for a bifid ureter to form

A

Abnormal branching of the ureteric bud

86
Q

How does renal agenesis occur

A

Failure of the ureteric bud to branch at all within the metanephric blastema, will lead to kidneys not developing

87
Q

The urorectal septum becomes what structure

A

Perineal body

88
Q

What does the proximal part of the urogenital sinus become

A

Urinary bladder

89
Q

What does the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus become

A

Prostatic and membranous urethra in men
Urethra and lower 2/3 of vagina

90
Q

What do the mesonephric ducts become in men

A

The ejaculatory ducts

91
Q

The mesonephric ducts and ureteric buds become incorporated into which structures

A

The urogenital sinus - primitive urinary bladder and urethra

92
Q

What develops lateral to the mesonephric ducts

A

Paramesonephric ducts - they are an invagination from a cord of coelomic epithelial cells

93
Q

What are the different origins of the reproductive organs in the different sexes

A

Female - paramesonephric
Male - mesonephric

94
Q

Describe the development of the female reproductive tract

A

Absence of the Y chromosome and its SRY gene leads to female development from the paramesonephric ducts, the mesonephric ducts regress due to a lack of testosterone

95
Q

What do the paramesonephric ducts give rise to

A

Oviducts
Ureterus
Cervix
Upper 1/3 of the vagina

96
Q

How does the uterus and proximal vagina form

A

The 2 paramesonephric ducts meet in the midline and fuse with each other forming the sinovaginal bulb - this forms the proximal vagina, uterus and cervix

97
Q

Why do the paramesonephric ducts need to stay separate cranially

A

To form the left and right uterine tubes with fibrillated ends

98
Q

What happens if there is a failure of the fusion of the paramesonephric ducts

A

Double uterus and double vagina
Or just double uterus

99
Q

How does a bicornate uterus form

A

Failure of fusion of the upper part of the paramesonpehric ducts

100
Q

How does a unicornate uterus form

A

When one paramesonephric duct does not develop

101
Q

What does the gubernaculum become in females

A

Round ligament of the uterus

102
Q

What is suspended within the broad ligament of the uterus

A

Ovaries

103
Q

Describe the initial development of male gonads

A

Presence of a Y chromosome and its SRY leads to the development from the mesonephric ducts and the degeneration of the paramesonephric ducts

104
Q

What does the paramesonephric ducts persist as in a male

A

Appendix testes
Prostatic article

105
Q

What do the mesonephric ducts give rise to

A

Efferent ducts
Rete testes
Epididymis
Seminal vesicles
Vas deferens

106
Q

What happens to the gubernaculum in males

A

The gubernaculum shrinks to draw the testes that arise in the lumbar region down the posterior abdominal wall to the inguinal canal, then through the inguinal canal during month 8 and 9, sot they are in the scrotum at birth

107
Q

What is the processes vaginalis derived from

A

Parietal peritoneum - taken with the testes on their descent from the abdomen

108
Q

What does the genital tubercle become in males and females respectively

A

Males - body and glans of penis
Females - body and glans of clitoris

109
Q

What do the urogenital folds become in males and females respectively

A

Males - ventral aspect of penis and the penile raphe
Females - labia minora

110
Q

What do the genital swellings become in males and females respectively

A

Males - scrotum and scrotal raphe
Females - Labia majora, Mons Pubis

111
Q

Describe the development of the penis

A

During week 8 the urogenital folds duse with the genital tubercle, growing and creating a temporary urethral groove in between
The urogenital folds will move towards each other to form the penile urethra - zipping up the penis in essence

112
Q

How does the scrotum form

A

Labioscrotal swellings on either side of the urogenital folds fuse to form the scrotum

113
Q

How does hypospadias occur and what happens

A

Failure of the urethral folds to form or extend along penis and fuse throughout the full length causes penile hypospadias
The urethra opens onto the ventral surface rather than at the glans

114
Q

What forms the trigone of the bladder

A

Mesonephric ducts

115
Q

What forms the heart tube

A

Paired endothelial tubes form to make the primitive heart tube

116
Q

What are the 5 regions of the primitive heart tube

A

Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Bulbus cordis
Truncus arteriosus

117
Q

What does the sinus venosus become incorporated into

A

The atrium

118
Q

What does the bulbs cordis become incorporated in

A

The ventricle

119
Q

What forms the interventricular septum

A

Endotrachial cushions (ventral and dorsal) grow out and meet in the midline and an interventricular septum develops from the apex and grows up towards the endocardial cushions

120
Q

The endocardial cushions divide the common atrioventricular orifice into what

A

Right (tricuspid) orifice
Left (mitral) orifice

121
Q

What does the septum premium fuse with

A

The endocardial cushions

122
Q

What is the foramen secundum

A

A hole in the septum primum

123
Q

What overlaps the foramen secundum

A

The septum secundum

124
Q

What does the septum secundum act like

A

A valve across the foramen secundum - allowing blood to go from the right side to the left side fo teh fetes

125
Q

How does the foramen oval close at birth

A

The increased blood flow through the lung sand rise in left atrial pressure causes the septum primum to be pushed across and close the foramen ovale

126
Q

How does the fossa ovalis form

A

The septum primum is pushed over the foramen ovale due to increased left atrial pressure. The septum primum and septum secundum fuse, obliterating the foramen ovale and leaving the fossa ovalis

127
Q

What does the sinus venosus join

A

Joins the atria, becoming the two vena cava on the right and the 4 pulmonary veins on the left

128
Q

Describe the folding of the heart tube

A

The 2 ‘ends’ fold toward each other and to the right, pushing the apex of the loop to the left and rotating slightly so that the RHS of the heart tends to be more anterior

129
Q

What does the trunks arterioles initially form

A

6 pairs of arches - these curve around the distal pharynx to join the dorsal aortae which fuse distally into the descending aorta

130
Q

Which arches disappear completely

A

First, second and fifth arches

131
Q

What does the third arch form

A

The carotid artery

132
Q

What does the fourth arch form

A

The subclavian on the right and the aortic arch on the left

133
Q

What does the sixth arch form

A

Right and left pulmonary arteries
Common connection to the dorsal aorta disappears on the right, continues as the ductus arteriosus on the left - connecting with the aortic arch

134
Q

Where is the recurrently larygneal nerve on the right

A

Hooked around the subclavian artery

135
Q

Where is the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the left

A

Hooked around the 6th arch (ligamentum arteriosum)

136
Q

How does an ASD occur

A

Either - the septum secundum is too short to cover the foramen secundum in the septum primum and when the septum primum and septum secundum are pressed together there is a gap- ostium secundum defect
Or failure of the septum primum to fuse with the endocardial cushions - ostium primum defect

137
Q

How many pharyngeal pouches are there

A

4

138
Q

From which pharyngeal pouch is the Eustachian tube, middle ear, mastoid and antrum formed

A

First

139
Q

What does the second pharyngeal pouch form

A

Tonsillar fossa (palatine tonsil)

140
Q

What does the third pharyngeal pouch form

A

Thymus
Inferior parathyroid

141
Q

Which pharyngeal arch forms the superior parathyroid

A

fourth

142
Q

How many branchial arches are there

A

6

143
Q

What is derived from the first branchial arch

A

CN V (Trigeminal)
Incus and Malleus (Meckel’s Cartilage)
Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor palati
Sphenomandibular ligament and anterior ligament of malleus

144
Q

What is derived from the second branchial arch

A

CN VII (Facial)
Stapes, styloid process, upper body of hyoid and lesser cornu of hyoid
Muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius, stylopharynges
Stylohyoid ligament

145
Q

What is derived from the third branchial arches

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
Lower part of body of hyoid, greater cornu of hyoid, stylopharyngess

146
Q

What nerves are formed from the fourth to sixth branchial arches

A

CN X
including recurrent laryngeal and superior laryngeal

147
Q

What is derived from the fourth - sixth branchial arches

A

CN X
Thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilage
Muscle of the pharynx, larynx and palate

148
Q

How does a cleft lip occur

A

On one or both sides of the philtre there is a failure of fusion of the maxillary and frontonasal processes

149
Q

Where does the thyroid develop from

A

Develops as a diverticulum from the floor of embryonic pharynx just caudal to the tuberculum impar (site of developing tongue), site of origin remains as foramen caecum of Tongue’

150
Q

What is the initial development of the spine

A

The neural groove appears on the dorsal surface of the embryo

151
Q

Describe the development of the spine after the development of the neural groove

A

The neural groove becomes closed off, forming the neural canal which becomes separated from the ectodermal covering of the body. Anterior to the nerual canal is the notochord

152
Q

The vertebral bodies develop around which structure

A

Notochord
The vertebra ossify from 3 primary centres one on each side of the arch and one in teh middle for the body

MRCS (17 decks)

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