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MRCS > Head 2 > Flashcards

Head 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What divides the parotid gland into deep and superficial lobes

A

Facial nerve

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2
Q

The secretions from the parotid gland are transported to the oral cavity by which structure
And where does it open out

A

Stensen duct
Near the second upper molar

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3
Q

Which muscle is pierced by the stensen duct

A

Buccinator (Stenson duct = parotid duct)

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4
Q

Which structures pass through the parotid gland

A

Facial nerve
External carotid artery
Retromandibular vein

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5
Q

In which gland does the facial nerve branch and into which branches

A

Within the parotid gland
Branches into - Temporal branch, zygomatic branch, buccal branch, marginal mandibular branch and cervical branches

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6
Q

What is the blood supply of the parotid glands

A

Posterior auricular and superficial temporal arteries (branches of external carotid within the gland)

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7
Q

What is the venous drainage of the parotid gland

A

Retromandibular vein

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8
Q

What forms the retromandibular veins

A

Superficial temporal and maxillary veins

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9
Q

through which pathway is the parotid gland stimulated to form saliva

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve
to otic ganglion
PSNS fibres travel with auriculotermporal nerve to gland

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10
Q

Where are the sublingual glands found

A

In the sublingual fossa on the floor of the mouth

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11
Q

What is the PSNS innervation of the sublingual glands

A

Originates in the superior salivary nucleus
through pre-synaptic fibres in the chorda tympani

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12
Q

What is the blood supply of the sublingual gland

A

Sublingual and submental arteries

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13
Q

Describe the 2 arms of the submandibular glands

A

Superficial arm - larger part of the gland
Deep arm - hooks around the posterior margin of mylohyoid

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14
Q

What duct transmits secretions from the submandibular gland to the oral cavity

A

Wharton’s duct

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15
Q

Which nerves are closely related to the submandibular gland

A

Lingual nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Facial nerve (marginal mandibular branch)

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16
Q

What is the blood supply to the submandibular gland

A

Arterial supply - submental artery
Venous drainage - facial vein, sublingual vein

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17
Q

Which salivary duct is most at risk of developing a calculi

A

Submandibular

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18
Q

What is the vestibule of the oral cavity

A

It is the space between the lips/cheeks, and the gums/teeth

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19
Q

What forms the floor of the oral cavity

A

Muscular diaphragm - formed by the bilateral mylohyoid muscles
Geniohyoid muscles
Tongue
Salivary ducts

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20
Q

Which nerves are involved in the gag reflex

A

Afferent nerve - glossopharyngeal
Efferent nerve - vagus

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21
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerve fibres to the head and neck originate

A

T1-T6

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22
Q

What are the 3 ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

A

Superior cervical ganglion
Middle cervical ganglion
Inferior cervical ganglion

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23
Q

What originates from the superior cervical ganglion

A

Internal carotid nerve
External carotid nerve
Nerve to pharyngeal plexus
Superior cardiac branch
Nerves to CN II III IV VI and IX
Gray rami communiantes

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24
Q

What originates from the middle cervical ganglion

A

Grey rami communicates
Thyroid branches
Middle cardiac branch

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25
Q

What originates from the inferior cervical ganglion

A

Grey rami communicates
Branches to subclavian and vertebral arteries
Inferior cardiac nerve

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26
Q

Which organs are innervated from branches of the superior cervical ganglion

A

Eyeball
Face
Nasal glands
Pharynx
Glands of the palate and nasal cavity
Salivatory glands
Lacrimal glands
Sweat glands
Pineal gland
Dilator pupillae
Superior tarsal muscle
Carotid body
Heart
Arterial smooth muscle

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27
Q

Which organs are innervated from branches of the middle cervical ganglion

A

Larynx
Trachea
Pharynx
Upper oesophagus
Heart
Arterial smooth muscle

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28
Q

Which organs are innervated from branches of the inferior cervical ganglion

A

Heart
Arterial smooth muscle

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29
Q

What are the 4 parasympathetic ganglia located in the head

A

the ciliary, otic, pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion

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30
Q

The ciliary ganglion is supplied by fibres from which brainstem nucleus

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

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31
Q

What does the efferent fibres from the ciliary ganglion innervate

A

Sphincter pupillae
Ciliary muscles

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32
Q

The pretygopalatine ganglion is supplied by fibres from which brainstem nucleus

A

Superior Salivatory nucleus

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33
Q

What are the target organs of the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

secretomotor innervation to lacrimal gland, mucous glands of posterosuperior nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and the palate.

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34
Q

The submandibular ganglion supplies which gland

A

Sublingual
Submandibular

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35
Q

Which Salivatory nucleus is the submandibular ganglion associated with

A

Superior

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36
Q

Which salivatory nucleus is the otic ganglion associated with

A

Inferior

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37
Q

What is the target organ of the otic ganglion

A

Parotid gland

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38
Q

Which nuclei are associated with the trigeminal nerve

A

Mesencephalic nucleus
Principle sensory nucleus
Spinal nucleus
Motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

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39
Q

Where is the trigeminal ganglion found

A

Lateral to the cavernous sinus
In Meckel’s cave (depression of the temporal bone)

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40
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the opthalmic nerve

A

Frontal nerve
Lacrimal nerve
Nasociliary nerve

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41
Q

What are the branches of the frontal branch of the opthalmic nerve (CN V1)

A

Supraorbital
Supratrochlear

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42
Q

What are the branches of the nasociliary branch of the opthalmic nerve (CN V1)

A

Anterior ethmoid nerve
Posterior ethmoid nerve
Infratrochlear nerve
Long ciliary nerve

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43
Q

With which branch of the opthalmic nerve are sympathetic fibres found

A

Nasociliary nerve (long ciliary)

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44
Q

With which branch of the opthalmic nerve are parasympathetic fibres found

A

Lacrimal nerve

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45
Q

From which pharyngeal arch does the trigeminal nerve originate

A

First

46
Q

What are the sensory branches of the maxillary nerve

A

Superior alveolar nerve (anterior, posterior and middle)
Middle meningeal nerve
Infraorbital nerve
Zygomatic nerve
Inferior palpebral nerve
Superior labial nerve
Pharyngeal nerve
Greater and lesser palatine nerves
Nasopalatine nerve

47
Q

What is the sensory function of the maxillary nerve

A

Lower eyelid and its conjunctiva
Inferior posterior portion of the nasal cavity (superior anterior is CNV1)
Cheeks and maxillary sinus
Lateral nose
Upper lip, teeth and gingiva
Superior palate

48
Q

What are the 4 branches of the maxillary nerve

A

Auriculotemporal nerve
Buccal nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve
Lingual nerve

49
Q

Which branch of the maxillary nerve acts a conduit for special sensory fibres of the chorda tympani

A

Lingual nerve

50
Q

Which muscles does the mandibular nerve innervate

A

Masseter
Medial and lateral pterygoids
Temporalis
Tensor Veli Palatini
Tensor tympani
Anterior belly of digastric
Mylohyoid

51
Q

The mental nerve arises from which nerve

A

Inferior alveolar nerve (branch of CN V3)

52
Q

What is a chalazion

A

Painless granuloma of the miebomian glands

53
Q

How many permenant teeth do we have

A

32
16 in each arch

54
Q

What are the 4 different types of teeth and how many of each do we have

A

incisors, canine, premolars, molars

In each quadrant
2 x incisors
1 x canine
2 x premolars
3 x molars

55
Q

Which type of tooth is only present in permenant dentition

A

Premolar

56
Q

What are the 3 foramina in the hard palate

A

Incisive canal
Greater palatine foramen
Lesser palatine foramen

57
Q

What are the 5 muscles of the soft palate

A

Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus
Musculus uvulae

58
Q

The muscles of the soft palate are innervated by which nerve
Apart from which muscle and what innervates this

A

Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Tensor veli palatini - innervated by medial pterygoid (CN V3)

59
Q

What are the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse and vertical muscles of the tongue.

60
Q

What is the motor innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

61
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus

62
Q

All extrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) apart from which and what innervates it

A

Palatoglossus
Innervated by the vagus nerve

63
Q

Describe the taste sensation supply of the tongue

A

Anterior 2/3 - Chorda tympani - branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)
Posterior 1/3 - Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

64
Q

What is the somatic sensory supply of the tongue

A

Anterior 2/3 - Lingual nerve - branch of V3 (mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve)
Posterior 1/3 - glossopharyngeal nerve

65
Q

What is the blood supply of the tongue

A

Lingual artery - main supply
Tonsillar artery - branch of the facial artery

66
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the tongue

A

Anterior 2/3 - Submental and submandibular nodes which empty into the deep cervical nodes
Posterior 1/3 - Directly into deep cervical nodes

67
Q

What is the nerve supply of the muscles of facial expression

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

68
Q

The temporal branch of the facial nerve supplies which facial muscles

A

Temporalis
Obicularis oculi
Corrugator supercilli

69
Q

The zygomatic branch of the facial nerve supplies which facial muscles

A

Obicularis oculi

70
Q

The buccal branch of the facial nerve supplies which facial muscles

A

Obicularis Oris
Buccinator
Zygomaticus

71
Q

The marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve supplies which facial muscles

A

Mentalis
Depressor labi inferioris
Depressor anguli Oris

72
Q

The cervical branches of the facial nerve supply which facial muscles

A

Platysma

73
Q

What is the action of corrugator supercili

A

Draws eyebrows together- wrinkling of brow of frowning

74
Q

What are the nasal muscles

A

Nasalis
Procerus
Depressor Septi Nasi

75
Q

What are the muscles of mastication

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid

76
Q

From which pharyngeal arch do the muscles of mastication develop from

A

1st

77
Q

What is the nervous innervation of the muscles of mastication

A

Trigeminal nerve

78
Q

Which muscle lies superficial to pterygoids and temporalis muscles

A

Masseter

79
Q

Which facial muscle can be harvested to perform a myringoplasty

A

Temporalis

80
Q

What does the internal carotid artery branch into distal to the cavernous sinus

A

Opthalmic artery
Posterior communicating artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Anterior cerebral artery

81
Q

The middle cerebral artery is a continuation of which artery

A

Internal carotid artery

82
Q

Which branches arise from the vertebral arteries within the cranial vault

A

Meningeal branch
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

83
Q

What forms the basilar artery

A

The 2 vertebral arteries

84
Q

What are the 3 main paired components of the circle of Willis

A

Anterior cerebral arteries
Internal carotid arteries
Posterior cerebral arteries

85
Q

What are the communicating arteries in the circle of Willis

A

Anterior communicating artery
Posterior communicating artery

86
Q

What does the anterior communicating artery connect

A

The two anterior cerebral arteries

87
Q

What does the posterior communicating artery connect

A

The internal carotid artery to the posterior cerebral artery

88
Q

What is the arterial supply to the spinal cord

A

Anterior spinal artery
2x posterior spinal artery

89
Q

Which blood vessel reinforces circulation to the inferior 2/3 of the spinal cord

A

The greater anterior segmental artery of Adamkiewicz

90
Q

How many venous sinuses are there in total

A

11

91
Q

The straight sinus is a continuation of what

A

Great cerebral vein and the inferior sagittal sinus

92
Q

What converges at the confluence of sinuses

A

Straight, superior and inferior sagittal sinus

93
Q

What structures overlies the internal occipital protuberance

A

The confluence of sinuses

94
Q

What is the great cerebral vein

A

The Vein of Galen
Forms by the union of 2 of the deep veins and drains into the straight sinus

95
Q

What is found within the cavernous sinus

A

Abducens nerve
Carotid plexus
Internal carotid artery

96
Q

What is found within the wall of the cavernous sinus

A

Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Opthalmic nerve
Maxillary nerve

97
Q

Which veins drain into the cavernous sinus

A

Superior and inferior opthalmic veins
Central vein of retina
Sphenoparietal sinus
Superficial middle cerebral vein
Pterygoid plexus

98
Q

What do the cavernous sinus drain into

A

Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

99
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

A

Foramen of Munro

100
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricles

A

Cerebral aqueduct

101
Q

What is the blood supply to the cerebellum

A

Superior cerebellar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

102
Q

Where is the pineal gland found

A

Between the two hemispheres, attached to a stalk by the posterior wall of the third ventricle

103
Q

What is the anterior pituitary derived from

A

Rathke’s pouch

104
Q

What is the posterior pituitary derived from

A

Embryonic forebrain- in essence an extension of the hypothalamus

105
Q

Which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary

A

ADH
Oxytocin

106
Q

Describe the hypophyseal portal system

A

Superior hyophyseal artery supplies the anterior pituitary after forming a capillary network around the hypothalamus
Allows the hypothalamus to communicate with the anterior pituitary

107
Q

Which CN exicts between the peduncles of the midbrain

A

Oculomotor - CN III

108
Q

What nerve is first affected in cerebellopontine angle syndrome

A

Vestibulocochlear - CN VIII

109
Q

What are the ascending tracts

A

Dorsal column medial lemniscus
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

110
Q

Where does the DCML pathway crossover

A

Medulla

111
Q

Where does the spinothalamic tracts cross over

A

Spinal cord

112
Q

What are the descending tracts

A

Corticospinal
Corticobulbar
Vestibulobulbar
Reticulospinal

MRCS (17 decks)

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