Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OPP > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Which mesodermal region do gonads arise?

A

intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Non-functional
7-10 solid/tubular cell groups
In cervical area (head kidney)
Gone by the end of 4th week

A

pronephros

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Interim functional
Appears at end of 4th week
10-26th somite level

A

mesoneophros

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Permanent kidney
Developing by early 5th week
Functions by the 11th week

A

metanephros

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does mesonephric kidney form?

A

tubules come from mesonephric ridge and mesonephric (wolfian) duct. Aorta buds off glomerulus and the attaching tubules form the Bowan’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

outgrowth of mesonephric duct near cloaca; forms ureter, renal pelvis, calices & collecting tubule

A

ureteric bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

forms nephrons and excretory system

A

metanephric blastema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is molecular control of metanephric kidney?

A

WT1 allows mesenchyme to respond to BMP7 and FGF which come from collecting tubules. Wnt and Pax2 allow differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do kidney arteries come from?

A

they start off common illiac and then come from abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What separates cloaca from bladder?

A

urogenital sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Horshoe kidney can impinge on?

A

superior mesenteric artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When ureter doesn’t go through trigone and ends up entering organs like prostate gland, seminal vesicle, or vagina

A

ectopic ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When you have compensatory hypertrophy of one kidney or oligohydramnios (reduced amniotic fluid) due to bilateral absence

A

agenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Forms adrenal gland via NC, gonads via primordial germ

A

urogenital ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does adrenal gland form?

A

there’s first a wave of epithelial cells that dive into intermediate mesoderm, then the NC follow, and finally a second wave of epithelial cells make mature cortex. NC innervated by SNS form medulla. During 2nd trimester the cortex grows and produces steroids to help maintain pregancy. After birth the cortex regresses a little.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is indifferent sexual development?

A

germ cells appear in yolk sac by 4th wk, then they go through mitosis to form genital ridge ontop nephrenic ridge, then either mesonephric (wolffian) or paramesonephric ducts will come from cortex and cover the germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If SRY is present, germ cells in gonadal cords become…

A

seminiferous cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

this becomes ductus deferens in males

A

mesonephric ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

With lack or SRY…

A

Wnt4 expressed (ovarian determining factor) and cortex differentiates while medulla regresses, unlike in males. The cells in the cortex become the follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Upper vagina and up is derived from…while lower vagina is formed from…

A

paramesonephric/mullerian ducts and urogenital sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Incomplete fusion of urethral or labioscrotal folds
* Open urethra along ventral penis

A

hypospadias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Open urethra along dorsum of penis
* Failure of closure of the anterior abdominal wall
* Often associated with exstrophy of the bladder

A

epispadias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

CT cord from testes to scrotum, before it’s full descent, this cord only extended to internal and external abs

A

gubernaculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Caused by Indirect Congenital Hernia: Protrusion of intestine into connection between peritoneal cavity and scrotum. Can lead to Hydrocele: Irregular obliteration leading to formation of cysts along the spermatic cord

A

patent vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

connects ovary to uterus via inguinal canal

A

round ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  • Excessive androgens (androstenedione) produced from adrenal glands
  • Spectrum of effects on size of clitoris/phallus, fusion of genital folds & narrowing/closure of vaginal opening
A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When males have testes and anti mullerian factor but may have poorly developed vagina depending on severity

A

Androgen Insensitivity receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When males have anti mullerian factor and testosterone, but no male external genitalia, but at puberty can lead to surge that gives rise to genitalia

A

5 alpha reductase deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Greater vs lesser pelvis

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Obturator Internus

A

Attachments: obturater formamen and greater troch
Innervation: nerve to obturator internus (L5,S1)
Function: rotation and flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Piriformis

A

Attachment: anterior sacrum, greater troch
Innervation: Nerve to Piriformis (L5,S1,S2)
Function: lateral rotation of extended hip and abduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

pubococcygeus/Puborectalis

A

Attachments: Pubic bone to coccyx; Pubic bone to perineal body (behind the rectum)

Innervation: Inferior rectal branch of pudendal (S2-4) and S4 directly

Function: Support pelvic viscera; maintain angle between anus and rectum; vaginal sphincter; reinforce external anal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Iliococcygeus

A

Attachments: Tendinous arch of obturator internus; ischial spine; perineal body

Innervation: Inferior rectal branch of pudendal (S2-4) and S4 directly

Function: Support pelvic viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Coccygeous

A

Attachments: Ischial spine to coccyx

Innervation: S3-4

Function: Support pelvic viscera; pull coccyx forward during defecation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What artery supplies that anal columns?

A

The superior rectal, this important because you need supply to support anal valves and anal mucus sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Pectinate line above and below supplies

A

Above: Superior rectal artery, vein (inferior mesenteric vein/portal system)
Innervation: Autonomics
Below: Inferior rectal artery, vein (Pudendal vein/Internal iliac/IVC)
Innervation: Inferior anal and rectal nerves from pudendal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How can portal hypertension cause rectal hemrroids?

A

above the pectinate line the flow of drainage is superior rectal vein, IMV, portal vein, and IVC. If a patient has liver cirrhosis this can cause back up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which parts of male and female genitalia are made of corpora cavenosa vs spongiosum?

A

Cavernosa in females: body of clit and the crus
Cavernosa in males: dorsal body of penis and crus of penis
Spongiosum in females: glans clit and bulb of vestibule
Spongiosum in males: ventral penis (contains urethra), glans penis, bulb of penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Function: separates superficial pouch from Deep, Support vaginal canal and urethra
supply: Pudendal nerve branches and internal pudendal artery and vein branches are anterior to the membrane

A

perineal membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Deep perineal pouch contents in males

A

Part of urethra Preprostatic and membranous
Sphincter urethrae muscle (external)
Deep transverse perineal muscle
Bulbo-urethral gland
Neurovascular structures to dorsum of penis (Dorsal nerve of the penis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

deep perineal pouch contents in female

A

Urethra and vaginal canal
External urethral sphincter
Deep transverse perineal muscle
Internal pudendal artery and branches
Dorsal nerve of the clitoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are muscles of the superficial perineal pouch?

A

isciocavernous, Bulbospongiosus (bulb of vestibule, bulb of penis), and superficial transverse perineal. All innervated by pudenal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the fascial layers of the penis?

A

superficial dartos which goes around entire penis and scrotum, deep buck’s fascia which goes around dorsal and ventral penis, and tunica albigunea around cavernosa of the dorsal penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Bartholins vs Skenes glands

A

Bartholins are on greater vestiuble and make mucus for sex. Skene’s are on lesser vestibule paraurethreal glands and secrete PSA, antimicrobials

45
Q

Where are superficial and deep perineal fascias?

A

Superficial is continous with scarpa’s (membranous) campers (fatty), and this connects with dartos and thigh fascia. The deep fascia covers the bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosis and superficial transverse muscles . Connects with the external oblique fascia and suspensory ligaments

46
Q

Analagous structures

A

Gubernaculum: in males the inguinal canal and scrotum ligament and in females the round ligament/ovarian ligament
Genital tubercle: glans penis, corpus spongiosum, corpus cavernosum. In females the vestibules and clit
Urogenital sinus: urethras and glands for both
Urethral folds: penis shaft/urethra, and labia minora

47
Q

Sacral Plexus nerves

A

L4-S4; gives off sciatic, superior/inferior gluteal, pudenal, nerve to piriformis, nerve to obturator, nerve to quad femoris, nerve to levator ani, femoral cutaneous

48
Q

Coccygeal plexus

A

S4-C0

49
Q

What is sympathetic portion of pelvis?

A

Superior hypogastric (L5), Inferior hypogastric (S2-4) do contraction of internal sphincters and smooth muscle during ejaculation. Inferior hypogastric also does regular parasympathetic functions (pelvic splanchnic >inferior hypogastric for urination)

50
Q

Where is pelvic pain routes?

A

There is a line where afferent either take sypathetic or parasympathetic paths. If at dermatomes T10-L2 you take sympathetic and if at dermatomes S2-S4 you take parasympathetic

51
Q

Refered pain of T10-L2 pelvic

A

umbilicus or anterior thigh

52
Q

Reffered pain of S2-S4 pelvic

A

gluteal region

53
Q

What are contents of greater sciatic foramen?

A

Piriformis Muscle, Super Gluteal A/N, Inferior Gluteal A/N, Sciatic N, Pudendal A/N, Nerve to Obturator Internus, Post. Cutaneous N. of Thigh, Nerve to Quadratus Femoris

54
Q

What are contents of lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Pudendal A/N
Obturator Internus Muscle
Nerve to Obturator Internus

55
Q

What arteries branch from anterior division of internal iliac?

A

Umbilical, Superior vesicular, Inferior vesicle/vaginal, Uterine, Middle rectal, Obturator, Internal pudendal, Inferior rectal, Inferior gluteal

56
Q

What arteries branch from posterior division of internal iliac?

A

Iliolumbar
Lateral sacral
Superior gluteal

57
Q

Uterine artery is found…

A

in the cardinal ligament, ureter also runs under this artery

58
Q

ovarian artery is found…

A

in the suspensory ligament, this artery also anastomose with the uterine artery

59
Q

Where does pudendal nerve travel and what are its branches?

A

the pudendal canal which is in obturator fascia, medial to obturator internus. Its branches are inferior rectal, superficial/deep perineal, and dorsal nerve of clit and penis

60
Q

What are branches of internal pudendal artery?

A

in females: arteries of bulb of vestibule, deep/dorsal arteries of clit
in males: artery to bulb of penis, urethral artery, deep/dorsal penis artery

61
Q

what are four weakest points of pelvis

A

pubic rami, acetabulum, SI joint, ala of illium

62
Q

what are supplies below and above pectinate line?

A

Above: Blood supply =Superior rectal artery and vein
Innervation = Inferior hypogastric plexus
Lymphatic = Internal iliac lymph nodes
Below: Blood Supply =Inferior rectal artery and vein
Innervation =Inferior rectal nerves
Lymphatic = Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

63
Q

also called Cowper’s Gland, either of two pea-shaped glands in the male, located beneath the prostate gland at the beginning of the internal portion of the penis; they add fluids to semen during the process of ejaculation

A

bulbourethral gland

64
Q

What does broad ligament consist of?

A

A mesometrium that lines utereus, helps suspend, mesosalpinx encloses and suspends the fallopian tube within the pelvic cavity. The mesovarium is the posterior extension of the broad ligament, containing the ovary.

65
Q

round ligament of female travels through…

A

deep inguinal ring

66
Q

Uterine ligaments

A

Ovarian Ligament: From uterus to Ovary
Suspensory Ovarian Ligament: From Ovary to ilium CONTAINS OVARIAN (Gonadal) BLOOD SUPPLY
Uterosacral Ligament: Posterior uterus to sacrum
Cardinal Ligament: lateral cervix to ~ischial tuberosity CONTAINS UTERINE BLOOD SUPPLY
Pubocervical Ligament: Anterior cervix to pubic rami
Round Ligament of the Uterus: From lateral uterus, through deep inguinal ring, through inguinal canal, through superficial inguinal ring and terminating in labia majora.
Broad Ligament: Continuation of peritoneum covering and folding over pelvic contents, specifically the portion that covers the fundus & body of the uterus, the uterine tube & the ovarian/ suspensory ovarian ligament.

67
Q

vesicular prolapse

A

cystocele

68
Q

germinal epithelium

A

simple cuboidal

69
Q

how does fsh affect follicular growth?

A

it initiates puberty, by growth of the oocyte
proliferation and changes in the follicular cells
proliferation and differentiation of the stromal
fibroblasts around the follicle and each month there’s one dominant follicle

70
Q

What are layers of multilaminar primary follicle?

A

Granulosa cells= stratified follicular
gap junctions and basal lamina; secrete antrumx
Zona pellucida = glycoproteins
ZP1 to 4 – acrosomal activation
Filipodia (G) and microvilli (O)
gap junctions through ZP

71
Q

How dp granulosa and theca interna combine endocrine function?

A

theca interna make androsteneedione and granulosa produce aromatase this allows production of estradiol which returns to theca vasculature

72
Q

how long does it take primordial to become graffian

A

90 days

73
Q

What is functions of FsH and LH in menstrual cycle?

A

Pituitary gland releases FSH which stimulates primordial follicles to grow. As concentrations increase, this causes proliferation, differentiation, and granulosa/theca secretion of progesterone/estrogen. LH causes PG release to cause uterine “broth” release and theca externa contraction. Progesterone, LH, FSH all weaken the cumulus oophorus causing egg to exit

74
Q

When does oocyte do meiotic divisions?

A

completes first meiotic division right before ovulation to equally divide chromosomes. Secondary oocyte and first polar body enter oviduct where it does second meiotic division after fertilization and arrests in metaphase

75
Q

theca lutein (interna) make…

A

progesterone and androstendione (estrogen)

76
Q

granulosa lutein make…

A

aromatase to convert androstenedione into estradiol

77
Q

what increases as corpus lutem becomes corpus albicans

A

fsh because estrogen from luteum was inhibiting fsh

78
Q

Progesterone role in pregnancy:

A

thickening of endometrium, stimulate growth of breast tissue, strengthen cervical mucus plug, keeps the uterus from contracting

79
Q

Epithelium of Uterine tube

A

Folded mucosa with Thick muscularis. Simple cloumnar non ciliated with peg cells. Cilia begin to grow from estrogen during follicular growth and loose during secretory phase

80
Q

secretes glycoproteins for capacitation

A

peg cells

81
Q

What causes process of menses?

A

Arcuate arteries of myometrium give off two types of branches, spiral in the functional endometrium and straight in basal. When Progesterone decreases in the menstrual phase, it decreases because corpus lutem regresses. Spiral arteries spasm and this causes ischemia. Also PGs increases causing functional layer to sloth off

82
Q

Proliferative Phase

A

occurs with follicular development. Estrogens from theca interna of corpus luteum induces proliferation of basal glands. There’s straight glands with empty lumen. Spiral arteries lengthen and increase surface microvasculature

83
Q

Secretory Phase

A

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone. Progesterone stimulates glandular epithelium to secrete glycogen/glycoproteins. Glands with secretions
in the dilated lumen. Progesterone inhibits myometrial contractions

84
Q

Endometrial cells reflux and grow on the oviducts or ovaries. Estrogen and progesterone influence the monthly growth and degeneration of this ectopic tissue. Causes pelvic pain, produces inflammation, ovarian cysts, adhesions, and scar tissue

A

endometriosis

85
Q

Noncancerous arising from uterine smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. Made of Large amount of extracellular matrix surrounded by loose areolar connective tissue and compressed muscle fibers.
Increased menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure/pain and sometimes infertility

A

Uterine Fibroids

86
Q

how do cervical secretions change?

A

ovulation = watery because we want sperm to come, luteal phase = viscous due to progesterone because we need to prepare uterine lining before infiltration, and in pregnancy = “plug”
cervical glands proliferate

87
Q

This stimulates the vaginal epithelia to accumulate glycogen

A

estrogen

88
Q

Modified apocrine sweat gland with tubuloacinar cells

A

mammary glands (simple cuboidal) which are organized into lobules and connect to lactiferous duct (stratified)

89
Q

What is flow of sperm?

A

Seminiferous tubules> tubuli recti> rete testis>efferent ducts>epididymis>vas deferens>ejaculatory duct>urethra

90
Q

secrete MIS, protect germ cells via blood testis barrier (tight junctions), and are regulated by FSH

A

sertoli cells

91
Q

What are growth stages of sperm?

A

type A sperm go to type B progenitors, they go through mitosis to become primary spermatocyte, they do first meiotic division to give secondary spermatocytes, and those go through second meiotic division to give off spermatid. Spermatids go through spermiogenesis which is them elongating, getting crazy flagella, form acrosome, and while producing residual bodies. Mature sperm = spermatozoa

92
Q

epithelium of principal cells with stereocilia

A

efferent ducts

93
Q

epithelium of pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia and circular muscle

A

epididymus

94
Q

epithelium of pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia lamina propria, and 3 layers of smooth muscle (longitudinal, circular, longitudinal)

A

vas deferens

95
Q

epithelium is folded mucousa from pseudostratified columnar to cuboidal

A

seminal vesicles

96
Q

surrounded by a capsule, tubuloalveolar glands
epithelium varies depending on functional state (squamous to pseudostratified columnar), corpora amylacea in lumen of glands, fibromuscular stroma surrounds glands

A

prostate

97
Q

site of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

transition zone

98
Q

main glands, site of prostate carcinoma

A

peripheral zone

99
Q

Mucus secretion containing abundant sugars and sialic acid to lubricate and prepare urethra for passage of sperm

A

bulbourethral/ cowpers glands

100
Q

What are different epitheliums of male urethra?

A

prostatic urethra (transitional epithelium), membranous urethra (pseudostratified to stratified columnar epithelium) between smooth and skeletal muscle sphincters, and penile urethra (pseudostratified to stratified columnar epithelium

101
Q

Major female repro arteries

A
102
Q

This hormone promotes division of spermatogonia

A

Growth hormone

103
Q

formed from testosterone by Sertoli Cells upon FSH stimulation.

A

estrogen

103
Q

formed from testosterone by Sertoli Cells upon FSH stimulation.

A

estrogen

104
Q

where do sperm become motile

A

epididymus

105
Q

what are contents of seminal vesicle semen?

A

Fructose
Citric Acid
Nutrients
Prostaglandins
Fibrinogen
to aid in nutrients and uterine motility

106
Q

what are contents of prostate gland fluid?

A

Calcium
Citrate
Phosphate
Clotting Enzyme
Profibrinolysin
Makes alkaline environment for sperm

107
Q

What is primary fast block of polyspermy?

A

Zona pellucida cortical granules are depolarized and there’s Ca2+ release to block new sperm

108
Q

Path of male sexual sensation

A

glans penis>pudendal nerve> sacral plexus > sacral spinal cord >brain

OPP (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions