Representation of (media)

Question 1

ethnicity Traditional

Answer 1

Van Dijk
Husband and Hartman
Children now - fair play survey

Question 2

ethnicity (changes)

Answer 2

Hall
Barker

Hybridity
Nayak
Gill

Question 3

gender feminity traditional

Answer 3

Gauntlett
Ferguson
Glascock

Question 4

Gender Feminity changes

Answer 4

westwood
Glascock
Gill

Question 5

Vir, hall and Foye

Answer 5

Nationality
BBC have more of a southern English bias and London Focus - BBC was perceived as representing the interests of its English viewers more than other nations’ viewers.

scottish -
feel under-represented in media portrayals and coverage (outside nature and wildlife programming) -
“The Scottish person is always drunk and an abusive drunk at that”.
Welsh
Wales, there was a perception that reality TV can be exploitative in their portrayal of the Welsh.

Question 6

Mullhern

Answer 6

Nationality
Media portrayals of the Irish stereotyped:
Stereotype 1: Homesick and drinking bad Guinness while listening to bad ballads in north London.
Stereotype 2: Too successful to be homesick while making megabucks in the City, and reporting the good wealth home via Skype.

Question 7

Graham

Answer 7

Nationality
Media can sometimes force other nationals into TV programmes leading to ‘tokenism’. One participant also discussed “Gavin and Stacey - it’s all portraying Wales as thick”.

Question 8

Van Dijk

Answer 8

Ethnicity

Content analysis into media representation of ethnic groups in the UK over a 10 year period.

Black people are sterotyped in the media in 5 ways 
abnormal 
a threat 
criminal 
unimportant 
dependant

Question 9

Husband and Hartsman

Answer 9

Ethnicity
sees Black Afro-Caribbean people as “foreigners” and as “inferior”. The Media emphasises racial conflict and problems and presents negative images and stereotypes of ethnic minorities.

Question 10

Children now - Fair play survey

Answer 10

Ethnicity
stereotyping of ethnic minorities within video games - 86% of heroes were White, 8 out of 10 black characters were portrayed as competitors in sports games and 86% of black female characters were portrayed as victims of violence.

Question 11

Hall

Answer 11

Ethnicity changing

three basic representations of black people in the cinema and on TV. These were as natives, entertainers and slaves. He states that the media has shifted from displaying ‘overt racism’, to ‘Inferential Racism’.
Ethnicity is viewed ‘through the white eye’.

Question 12

Barker

Answer 12

ethnicity changing

Barker points out that there are now a range of Asian and black characters that reflect the demographic of London more fairly than it used to. He states that it is important to note that ethnic minority characters also hold some significant roles and explains that they are given meaningful attention and stories.

Question 13

Nayak

Answer 13

Ethnicity changes (hybridity)

Refers to young, working class, White males who adopt the language and style of ‘black culture’.
White youths listen to hip hop, gangsta-rap, wear of ‘bling’ and dress in a style associated with black males.

Question 14

Gill

Answer 14

Ethnicity changes (hybridity)

emergence of new ethnic identities: ‘Blasians’ - Refers to Asian youths who adopt ‘black’ culture of rap etc and ‘Brasians’ - Refers to Asian youths who adopt a ‘White British’ culture when with peers e.g. Laddish culture.

Question 15

Gauntlett (femininity)

Answer 15

Traditional femininity

female roles, a heavy importance is placed on appearance.

Question 16

Ferguson

Answer 16

Traditional femininity

Content analysis on women’s magazines and found that the ‘cult of femininity’ was present.

Question 17

Glascock

Answer 17

Traditional femininity

When portrayed as aggressive in the media, males were more physically aggressive, whereas females were more verbally aggressive.

Question 18

Westwood

Answer 18

changing femininity

When portrayed as aggressive in the media, males were more physically aggressive, whereas females were more verbally aggressive.

Question 19

Glascock

Answer 19

changing femininity

Now a range of femininity portrayed in the media such as ‘independent women’.

Question 20

Gill

Answer 20

changing femininity

Within advertising, the depiction of women has changed from women as passive objects of the male gaze, to women being more active, independant and sexually powerful.

Question 21

Masculinity traditional

Answer 21

Gauntlett

easthropre

Question 22

Gauntlett (masculinity)

Answer 22

Masculinity traditional

in contemporary Hollywood films, despite male characters traditionally being portrayed as the heroes, they do now have a more sensitive, thoughtful and caring side.

found that female representations and characters have become ‘tougher’.

Question 23

Easthope

Answer 23

Masculinity traditional

argues that a variety of media, transmits the view that masculinity based on strength, aggression, competition and violence is biologically determined and therefore, it is a natural goal for boys to achieve.

Question 24

Masculinity changing

Answer 24

Nixon

Mort

Question 25

Nixon

Answer 25

Masculinity changing

importance of the Levi’s ‘Laundrette’ advert - This saw the emergence of ‘the New Man.

Question 26

Mort

Answer 26

Masculinity changing

Laundrette advert marked an increase and change in male consumption patterns - For the first time men were spending more time, money and effort on their appearance so there was a consumption increase in items such as toiletries and male beauty products.

Question 27

Traditional upper class

Answer 27

Nairn

Question 28

Nairn

Answer 28

Traditional upper class

Media representation of the monarchy - After WW11 the monarchy developed close ties with the media industry

represented in the media as a family that are ‘like us but not like us’

representations of royalty also reinforce a sense of national identity.

Question 29

Traditional views of middleclass

Answer 29

Saunders
Mertens and D’Haennes
Leech

Question 30

Saunders

Answer 30

Traditional views of middleclass

suggests that because the middle class are those with the highest disposable income, they use products to define them and show off their social class backgrounds through consumerism - ‘conspicuous consumption’.

Question 31

Mertens and D’Haenens

Answer 31

Traditional views of middleclass

Digital divide in Brussels - Middle class used the social media for career development and knowledge, whereas the working class used it for entertainment.

Question 32

traditional of the working class

Answer 32

Newman
devereux
Jones

Question 33

Newman

Answer 33

Traditional working class