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sociolgy 2 year > key words/ concepts > Flashcards

key words/ concepts Flashcards

1
Q

validity

A

were the data provides a true insight of the social reality of third being researched

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2
Q

reliability

A

the ability to repeat the same research and gain the same or similar results

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3
Q

Representation

A

The extent to which the sample selected is a fair reflection of the target population

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4
Q

Generatisabilty

A

The ability to make claims about the target population by research findings

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5
Q

Primary socialisation

A

is the period early in a person life during which they initially learn and build through experiences and interaction around them

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6
Q

six agents of socialisation

A 
family ( key agent) 
media (body type, role models) 
education ( communication) 
peer groups ( behaviours, fashion) 
workplace ( skills) 
Religion ( values moral)
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7
Q

formal processes of social control

A

refers to mechanisms to reward or punish acceptable and unacceptable behaviours. Formal social control includes direct instruction to do something and formal praise or criticism e.g education, workplace

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8
Q

informal processes of social control

A

mechanism to reward on punish acceptable behaviour however they vary ad differ from individual or group to group
e.g nasty looks, media , peer groups

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9
Q

norms

A

specific rules for behaviour in specific circumstances e.g wear clothes in public

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10
Q

values

A

general principles of behaviour which proved a frame e,g honesty

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11
Q

ascribed status

A

a person is born with the status e.g royal family

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12
Q

achieved status

A

a status someone has worked for e.g teacher

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13
Q

spectacular subcultures

A

a social group that subscribe to norms and values of mainstream society but may also have some norms and values that are distinct from the rest of society

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14
Q

high culture

A

culture is formed by members of the elites who believed only good breeding and appropriate education can appreciate these cultures

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15
Q

popular culture

A

this culture is or ordinary people mass production ( supply the majority) e.g entertainment

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16
Q

global culture

A

global culture emerged due to globalisation the world became - interconnected socially, politically and economically

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17
Q

consumer culture

A

a culture in which the consumption of goods and services is the norm

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18
Q

multiculturalism

A

are the different cultures living equally in society different ethnic groups living side by side

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19
Q

stratification

A

the division of society into higharicichy ordered in layers or started with the most privileged at the top and least at the bottom

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20
Q

traditional working class

A

individuals engaged with manual labour jobs often having low levels of education

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21
Q

new working class

A

due to no factors and fewer labour jobs

work are shop floor workers and call centre workers still low skill repetitive work

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22
Q

underclass

A

the lowest place in hierarchy

people who are unemployed, long-term unemployment may depend on benefits

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23
Q

middle class

A

people who have non-manual labour jobs often have higher levels of education

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24
Q

traditional upper class

A

the elite class that controls the majority of wealth and power

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25
Q

super-rich

A

those able to live a luxury lifestyle/live off their wealth without depending on occupation

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26
Q

immediate gratification

A

wanting the results/ rewards of something right away e.g getting a job

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27
Q

deferred gratification

A

people postpone immediate results/ rewards in order to gain them in some other way and enhance return at a future date e.g uni

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28
Q

instrumental attitudes

A

are those that provided the individual with more rewards than punishments
normally based on attributes of the attitude

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29
Q

meritocratic

A

a social system in which advancement in society is based on individuals capabilities and merits rather than based on family wealth

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30
Q

social mobility

A

is the movement of individuals, family households. it is a change in social status relative to one’s current social location

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31
Q

child centeredness

A

is the act of putting the child first and goes against previous authoritarian way forces around the child

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32
Q

crisis of masculinity

A

traditional rules changed men were unable to be the breed winner
refers to men who work but also help around the house

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33
Q

cultural capital

A

non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means e.g education, speech

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34
Q

social capital

A

social connections, effective functions of social groups the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society.

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35
Q

economic capital

A

higher economic capital means higher wealth money/cash, property

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36
Q

conspicuous consumptions

A

purchasing luxury items for publicity displays wealth rather than cover basic needs.

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37
Q

social closure

A

process of isolating themselves from other social groups as they are inferior to their ( upper class)

38
Q

old boy network

A

an informal system where wealthy men with the same social and education help each other

39
Q

hidden curriculum

A

not apart of the formal curriculum enforce the middle-class values and rewards them

40
Q

ethnicity

A

cultural differences between groups based on key things such as religion, food, language, norms and values, fashion music

41
Q

ethnic minority groups

A

a group who share the same cultural background but is different to that of the majority culture in the county they reside in

42
Q

nationality

A

refers to the origin or the country where a person is leaglly entitled to reside

43
Q

immigrant

A

someone who has moved from a country to another to permitaly side

44
Q

first/second/third generation immigrant

A

first - the person who has moved to a new country themselves
second- their children
third- grandchildren

45
Q

asylum seeker

A

someone who seeks refuge in another country for a temporary period if it is too dangerous for them to be in their own country e.g due to war

46
Q

institutional racism

A

when the way an organisation operates e.g police, and practices unconscious effects of disadvantages of discrimination against and disadvantage certain ethnic group

47
Q

ethnographic study

A

study on a small group or culture in their natural environment

48
Q

assimilation

A

when an ethnic minority group become absorb into the ethnic majority and adopt their cultural norms and values

49
Q

integration

A

when an ethnic minority becomes part of the majority culture and adopt their norms and values, cultural practices. This has led to multiculturalism.

50
Q

cultual/ ethic resistance ( to racism)

A

when ethnic minority groups unit together and strengthen their own ethic identities as a way of fighting resisting the racism they face

51
Q

code switching

A

meaning when around peers they act and behave more westernised but when around parents act more eastnised and switch depends whos round

52
Q

cultural comfort zone - tony sewells

A

prefer to hang around with those from similar backgrounds. feel more service and comfort with peers from similar backgrounds

53
Q

ethrnocentic corricuim

A

refers to the attitudes or policy which gives priority to a particular ethnic group whilst disregarding other

54
Q

hypermasculinity

A

denoting exaggerated forms of masculinity e.g aggression, violent

55
Q

dual identity

A

have their culture from there ethnicity and their friends ( western and eastern)

56
Q

cultural mask

A

youths shared the same culture/ trying on new culture

57
Q

cultural borrowing

A

takes or using elements of a culture they do not belong to

58
Q

masculinity

A

refers to the behaviour and social roles associated with men and boys

59
Q

feminity

A

set attributes behaviour and roles generally associated with women and girls

60
Q

hegemonic feminity

A

the concept that an ‘ideal’, ‘traditional feminine gender norms and values e.g stay at home wife

61
Q

hegemonic masculinity

A

as a practice that legitimize men dominant positions in society and justifies subordinate of the common male

62
Q

passive feminity

A

where women and girls accept traditional ideas about how they should behave (e.g quite)

63
Q

social construction

A

a concept or perception of something based on the collective views developed and maintained within society or social groups

64
Q

biolgoical determinsim

A

the idea that most humans charateristics physical and mental , are determined at conception by gentic factors passed from parents to off spring

65
Q

intrumental roles

A

males role, in the family meaning men would be the breed winner and protector. a dominate person

66
Q

expressive roles

A

the female role, in the family, meaning women natural have he child breaking role, caring but reinforced by socialisation

67
Q

patriarchy

A

a system of social structures and practices in which men dominate oppress and exploit women

68
Q

lads

A

subcultures, working class boys are anit-school ‘having a laff’

69
Q

assertive female

A

a woman who is confident outgoing ( more male traits)

70
Q

new man sean nixon/ frank mort

A

changing in consumption for males because attitudes changed and was more acceptance for males buying cosmetics and allowed to take pride in their appearance

71
Q

marginrasied masculinity

A

a masculine identity held by those men who aid traditional masculine jobs and how they feel that their masculinity is under attack/threat as many of their jobs have been lost

72
Q

subordinate masculinity

A

masculinity which is less powerful and carries a lower status

73
Q

complicit masculinity

A

men who believe that men and women should share roles within the family

74
Q

genderquake

A

a fundamental shift in power from a man to a women

75
Q

horizontal segregation Adkins

A

a restriction of range of jobs a woman can do

76
Q

vertical segregation Adkins

A

less likely to be in senior positions ( unable to move up)

77
Q

moral panic

A

is a wide spread panic that somone or something which threat society norms and values

78
Q

anti-school subcultures

A

are neagtive about school they reject school rules and don’t conform at school
they get status from there friends from this

79
Q

pro-school

A

positive about school and follow and conform to school rules

80
Q

pivot generation

A

refers to the idea that middle-age people carry the responsibility of carrying their children and their parents

81
Q

dual burden

A

refers to the idea that caring for both children and parents is a double responsibility

82
Q

disengagement

A

refers to how people may leave social roles when they get older

83
Q

ageism

A

stereotype and prejudices towards people due to their age

84
Q

de-differentiation

A

the process which the difference between different stages of the life course become less clear ( uni- students)

85
Q

deinstitutionalisation

A

the process by which the unsitunation of society become less closely associate with maintaining different life phases
e.g education

86
Q

disability

A

a physical on mental conditon that limits a person capacities

87
Q

disability act 2005

A

aimed to end discrimination against people with disabled e.g transport, education

88
Q

victim mentality

A

disabled people are often socialised into seeing themselves as victims and that people with impairments may accept this ‘victim mentality

89
Q

the medical model of disability

A

sees disability as a medical problem focusing on the limitations caused by the impairment

90
Q

the social model of disability

A

focus on the social and physical barriers to inclusion that may exist e.g building designs

91
Q

stigma

A

a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality on person e.g aids

92
Q

master status

A

is the social position that is the primary identifying characteristics of an individual
a position that strongly affects most other aspects of a person life

sociolgy 2 year (19 decks)

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