key words/ concepts Flashcards
validity
were the data provides a true insight of the social reality of third being researched
reliability
the ability to repeat the same research and gain the same or similar results
Representation
The extent to which the sample selected is a fair reflection of the target population
Generatisabilty
The ability to make claims about the target population by research findings
Primary socialisation
is the period early in a person life during which they initially learn and build through experiences and interaction around them
six agents of socialisation
family ( key agent) media (body type, role models) education ( communication) peer groups ( behaviours, fashion) workplace ( skills) Religion ( values moral)
formal processes of social control
refers to mechanisms to reward or punish acceptable and unacceptable behaviours. Formal social control includes direct instruction to do something and formal praise or criticism e.g education, workplace
informal processes of social control
mechanism to reward on punish acceptable behaviour however they vary ad differ from individual or group to group
e.g nasty looks, media , peer groups
norms
specific rules for behaviour in specific circumstances e.g wear clothes in public
values
general principles of behaviour which proved a frame e,g honesty
ascribed status
a person is born with the status e.g royal family
achieved status
a status someone has worked for e.g teacher
spectacular subcultures
a social group that subscribe to norms and values of mainstream society but may also have some norms and values that are distinct from the rest of society
high culture
culture is formed by members of the elites who believed only good breeding and appropriate education can appreciate these cultures
popular culture
this culture is or ordinary people mass production ( supply the majority) e.g entertainment
global culture
global culture emerged due to globalisation the world became - interconnected socially, politically and economically
consumer culture
a culture in which the consumption of goods and services is the norm
multiculturalism
are the different cultures living equally in society different ethnic groups living side by side
stratification
the division of society into higharicichy ordered in layers or started with the most privileged at the top and least at the bottom
traditional working class
individuals engaged with manual labour jobs often having low levels of education
new working class
due to no factors and fewer labour jobs
work are shop floor workers and call centre workers still low skill repetitive work
underclass
the lowest place in hierarchy
people who are unemployed, long-term unemployment may depend on benefits
middle class
people who have non-manual labour jobs often have higher levels of education
traditional upper class
the elite class that controls the majority of wealth and power
super-rich
those able to live a luxury lifestyle/live off their wealth without depending on occupation
immediate gratification
wanting the results/ rewards of something right away e.g getting a job
deferred gratification
people postpone immediate results/ rewards in order to gain them in some other way and enhance return at a future date e.g uni
instrumental attitudes
are those that provided the individual with more rewards than punishments
normally based on attributes of the attitude
meritocratic
a social system in which advancement in society is based on individuals capabilities and merits rather than based on family wealth
social mobility
is the movement of individuals, family households. it is a change in social status relative to one’s current social location
child centeredness
is the act of putting the child first and goes against previous authoritarian way forces around the child
crisis of masculinity
traditional rules changed men were unable to be the breed winner
refers to men who work but also help around the house
cultural capital
non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means e.g education, speech
social capital
social connections, effective functions of social groups the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society.
economic capital
higher economic capital means higher wealth money/cash, property
conspicuous consumptions
purchasing luxury items for publicity displays wealth rather than cover basic needs.
social closure
process of isolating themselves from other social groups as they are inferior to their ( upper class)
old boy network
an informal system where wealthy men with the same social and education help each other
hidden curriculum
not apart of the formal curriculum enforce the middle-class values and rewards them
ethnicity
cultural differences between groups based on key things such as religion, food, language, norms and values, fashion music
ethnic minority groups
a group who share the same cultural background but is different to that of the majority culture in the county they reside in
nationality
refers to the origin or the country where a person is leaglly entitled to reside
immigrant
someone who has moved from a country to another to permitaly side
first/second/third generation immigrant
first - the person who has moved to a new country themselves
second- their children
third- grandchildren
asylum seeker
someone who seeks refuge in another country for a temporary period if it is too dangerous for them to be in their own country e.g due to war
institutional racism
when the way an organisation operates e.g police, and practices unconscious effects of disadvantages of discrimination against and disadvantage certain ethnic group
ethnographic study
study on a small group or culture in their natural environment
assimilation
when an ethnic minority group become absorb into the ethnic majority and adopt their cultural norms and values
integration
when an ethnic minority becomes part of the majority culture and adopt their norms and values, cultural practices. This has led to multiculturalism.
cultual/ ethic resistance ( to racism)
when ethnic minority groups unit together and strengthen their own ethic identities as a way of fighting resisting the racism they face
code switching
meaning when around peers they act and behave more westernised but when around parents act more eastnised and switch depends whos round
cultural comfort zone - tony sewells
prefer to hang around with those from similar backgrounds. feel more service and comfort with peers from similar backgrounds
ethrnocentic corricuim
refers to the attitudes or policy which gives priority to a particular ethnic group whilst disregarding other
hypermasculinity
denoting exaggerated forms of masculinity e.g aggression, violent
dual identity
have their culture from there ethnicity and their friends ( western and eastern)
cultural mask
youths shared the same culture/ trying on new culture
cultural borrowing
takes or using elements of a culture they do not belong to
masculinity
refers to the behaviour and social roles associated with men and boys
feminity
set attributes behaviour and roles generally associated with women and girls
hegemonic feminity
the concept that an ‘ideal’, ‘traditional feminine gender norms and values e.g stay at home wife
hegemonic masculinity
as a practice that legitimize men dominant positions in society and justifies subordinate of the common male
passive feminity
where women and girls accept traditional ideas about how they should behave (e.g quite)
social construction
a concept or perception of something based on the collective views developed and maintained within society or social groups
biolgoical determinsim
the idea that most humans charateristics physical and mental , are determined at conception by gentic factors passed from parents to off spring
intrumental roles
males role, in the family meaning men would be the breed winner and protector. a dominate person
expressive roles
the female role, in the family, meaning women natural have he child breaking role, caring but reinforced by socialisation
patriarchy
a system of social structures and practices in which men dominate oppress and exploit women
lads
subcultures, working class boys are anit-school ‘having a laff’
assertive female
a woman who is confident outgoing ( more male traits)
new man sean nixon/ frank mort
changing in consumption for males because attitudes changed and was more acceptance for males buying cosmetics and allowed to take pride in their appearance
marginrasied masculinity
a masculine identity held by those men who aid traditional masculine jobs and how they feel that their masculinity is under attack/threat as many of their jobs have been lost
subordinate masculinity
masculinity which is less powerful and carries a lower status
complicit masculinity
men who believe that men and women should share roles within the family
genderquake
a fundamental shift in power from a man to a women
horizontal segregation Adkins
a restriction of range of jobs a woman can do
vertical segregation Adkins
less likely to be in senior positions ( unable to move up)
moral panic
is a wide spread panic that somone or something which threat society norms and values
anti-school subcultures
are neagtive about school they reject school rules and don’t conform at school
they get status from there friends from this
pro-school
positive about school and follow and conform to school rules
pivot generation
refers to the idea that middle-age people carry the responsibility of carrying their children and their parents
dual burden
refers to the idea that caring for both children and parents is a double responsibility
disengagement
refers to how people may leave social roles when they get older
ageism
stereotype and prejudices towards people due to their age
de-differentiation
the process which the difference between different stages of the life course become less clear ( uni- students)
deinstitutionalisation
the process by which the unsitunation of society become less closely associate with maintaining different life phases
e.g education
disability
a physical on mental conditon that limits a person capacities
disability act 2005
aimed to end discrimination against people with disabled e.g transport, education
victim mentality
disabled people are often socialised into seeing themselves as victims and that people with impairments may accept this ‘victim mentality
the medical model of disability
sees disability as a medical problem focusing on the limitations caused by the impairment
the social model of disability
focus on the social and physical barriers to inclusion that may exist e.g building designs
stigma
a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality on person e.g aids
master status
is the social position that is the primary identifying characteristics of an individual
a position that strongly affects most other aspects of a person life
